现代英语词汇学概论2 morphological structure of English words

现代英语词汇学概论,Lexicology,Chapter2MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords,英语词汇的形态结构2.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类,HowisanEnglishwordformed?,E.g.disagreeabledisagreeable(byletter)disagreeable(bysyllable)dis+agree+able(bymorpheme)Whatisthedifferencebetween“morpheme”and“syllable”?Syllable:hasnothingtodowithmeaningMorpheme:two-facetbothsoundandmeaning,2.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位,1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体back,2.1.1TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念,Questions:1.Whatis“Morpheme”?Whatistherelationbetween“morpheme”and“word”?*2.Whatare“Allomorphs”*,Morpheme=morph+emeform+thesmallestunitMorpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguagesmallest:notdivisibleintosmallerformsmeaningful:carrymeaning(lexicalandgrammatical)e.g.denationalizationdenationalization=de+nation+al+iz+ationAmorphemeisatwo-facetlanguageunit:soundandmeaningback,Allomorphs:variousshapesorformsofamorphemedonotdifferinmeaningorfunctionconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsoundsback,E.g.bookbooks/-s/pigpigs/-z/horsehorses/-iz/E.g.perfect,responsible,logical,flexibleperfectimperfectresponsibleirresponsiblelogicalillogicalflexibleinflexible,E.g.inventinventiondescribedescriptionjustifyjustificationmodernizemodernizationexpandexpansiondecidedecisionomitomissionback,2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类,1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀,2.2.1FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素,Questions:1.Whatis“freemorpheme”?2.Whatis“boundmorpheme”?3.Howdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?,Whatis“freemorpheme”?,Freemorpheme:onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaningAfreemorphemeisaword.E.g.green,red,write,faith,Whatis“boundmorpheme”?,Boundmorpheme:cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorboundE.g.receivere-ceiveback,Howdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?E.g.green,greenhouse,greenness,disagreeable,receive,encyclopediagreen(free)green-house(free+free)green-ness(free+bound)dis-agree-able(bound+free+bound)re-ceive(bound+bound)en-cyclo-pedia(bound+bound+bound)Note:Afreemorphemeisaword.back,2.2.2RootsandAffixes词根与词缀,Questions:1.Whatis“root”?Theclassificationof“root”?2.Whatis“affix”?Theclassificationof“affix”?Whatarethedifferencesbetween“inflectionalaffixes”and“derivationalaffixes”?3.Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixesclassified?back,Whatis“root”?,Root:thebasicunchangeablepartofaword,conveyingthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.,Theclassificationof“root”?,1.Freeroot(自由词根)2.Boundroot（粘着词根）,E.g.1)work,workable,worker,worked,working2)contain,detain,retain3)conceive,deceive,receive4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vivid1)work,workable,worker,worked,working(free)2)contain,detain,retaintain=tenere(L)=tohold(bound)3)conceive,deceive,receiveceive=capere(L)=totake(bound)4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vividvit,viv=life/tolive(bound)back,Vital:necessaryinordertostayalive-al:pertainingto=haveaconnectionwithvital=havingaconnectionwithlifeVivacous:adj.apprec.fulloflifeandhighspirits;lively-ous:fullofvivacous=fulloflife(energy)Vivid:producingsharpclearpicturesinthemind;lifelike-id:havingacertainqualityvivid=havingacertainqualityoflife,Whatis“affix”?,Affix:acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedwhenaddedtoanothermorpheme,Theclassificationof“affix”,1.Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)2.Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）,Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀):toexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.特点：1.nottoformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaning2.havingonlyparticulargrammaticalmeaning3.onlytobeaffixedtowordsofthesameword-class(nottochangetheword-class),E.g.Pluralmarker:pens,oxen,feetGenitivecase:JamesVerbalendings:works,working,worked,bought,saidComparativeandsuperlativedegree:slower,slowest,Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）:tobeaddedtoanothermorphemetoderiveanewword特点：1.toderiveanewword2.havingaspecificlexicalmeaning(somealsoaffectivemeaning)3.sometobeattachedtowordsofdifferentwordclasses,e.g.Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ismPro-communistDe-codeDe-valueWash-able,Havingpejorativeorderogatorymeaningmis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratichire-lingweak-lingchild-ish,派生词缀分类（derivationalmorphemes）:Prefixesandsuffixes1)Bylinguisticorigin:NativeaffixesForeignaffixes2)Byproductivity:Productive/livingaffixesUnproductive/deadaffixes,Review,2.MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords英语词汇的形态结构2.1Morphemes词素1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀freerootandboundrootinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes,1.Afreemorphemeisaword.2.Awordisafreemorpheme.3.Afreemorphemeisaroot.4.Arootisafreemorpheme.5.Aboundmorphemeisanaffix.6.Anaffixisaboundmorpheme.TFTFFT,1.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle_morpheme.A.affixB.rootC.freeD.bound2.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor_.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph3.Structurallya_isthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.A.morphemeB.stemC.wordD.compound4.Unlikeaffixes,_areoftenfreemorphemes.A.suffixesB.prefixesC.inflectionalmorphemesD.rootsCBAD,7.Analysesthemorphologicalstructures(howthewordisformed)ofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemes.denationalization,receive,pens,wor