Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻.ppt

A,1,Metaphor,A,2,Whatismetaphor?,ComparisontheoryMetaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingiscomparedtoanotherbysayingthatoneistheother.(Kovecses,2002:vii)SubstitutiontheoryAmetaphoricalexpressionisusedinplaceofanequivalentliteralexpressionandis,therefore,completelyreplaceablebyitsliteralcounterpart.(Way,1991:23)ConceptualmetaphortheoryMetaphorisnotsimplyastylisticfeatureoflanguage,butthatthoughtitselfisfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature.Whatmakesitametaphoristheconventionalassociationofonedomainwithanother.Whatmakesitconceptual(ratherthanpurelylinguistic)istheideathatthemotivationforthemetaphorresidesatthelevelofconceptualdomains.(Lakoffhesjustamachine.2.MACHINESAREPEOPLEIdontthinkmycarwantstostartthismorning.Althoughthesetwometaphorsappeartobethemirrorimageofoneanother,closeinspectionrevealsthateachmetaphorinvolvesdistinctmappings:inthefirstone,themechanicalandfunctionalattributesassociatedwithcomputeraremappedontopeople,suchastheirspeedandefficiency.Inthesecondmetaphor,itisthenotionofdesireandvolitionthatismappedontomachine.,A,6,Metaphoricalentailment,Inadditiontotheindividualmappingsthatconceptualmetaphorsbringwiththem,theyalsoprovideadditional,sometimesdetailedknowledge.Thisisbecauseaspectsofthesourcedomainthatarenotexplicitlystatedinthemappingscanbeinferred.Inthisway,metaphoricmappingscarryentailments.Forexample:ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEYWewillproceedinastep-by-stepfashion.Wehavecoveredalotofground.Inthismetaphor,PARTICIPANTSintheargumentcorrespondtoTRAVELERS,theARGUMENTitselfcorrespondstoaJOURNEYandthePROGRESSoftheargumentcorrespondstotheROUTEtaken.However,inthesourcedomainJOURNEY,travelerscangetlost,theycanstrayfromthepath,theycanfailtoreachtheirdestination,andsoon.TheassociationbetweensourceandtargetgivesrisetotheentailmentthattheseeventscanalsooccurinthetargetdomainARGUMENT.metaphoricalentailmentspalyanessentialroleinlinkingalloftheinstancesofasinglemetaphoricalstructuringofaconcept,A,7,Metaphorsandimageschemas,Subsequenttothedevelopmentofimageschematheory,theideathatcertainconceptswereimage-schematicinnaturewasexploitedbyConceptualMetaphorTheory.LakoffandJohnsonbotharguedthatimageschemascouldserveassourcedomainsformetaphoricmapping.Imageschemasappeartobeknowledgestructuresthatemergedirectlyfrompre-conceptualembodiedexperience.Thesestructuresaremeaningfulattheconceptuallevelpreciselybecausetheyderivefromthelevelofbodilyexperience,whichisdirectlymeaningful.Theimportanceofimageschemasisthattheycanprovidetheconcretebasisformetaphoricmappings.,A,8,Invariance,LakoffandTurnerobservedthatthereappeartobecertainrestrictionsintermsofwhichsourcedomainscanserveparticulartargetdomains.Inordertoaccountfortheserestrictions,LakoffpositedtheInvariancePrinciple:Metaphoricalmappingspreservethecognitivetopology(thatis,theimageschemastructure)ofthesourcedomain,inawayconsistentwiththeinherentstructureofthetargetdomain.(Lakoff,1993:215)Whattheinvarianceprincipledoesisguaranteethatimage-schematicorganizationisinvariantacrossmetaphoricmappings.Thismeansthatthestructureofthesourcedomainmustbepreservedbythemappinginawayconsistentwiththetargetdomain.,A,9,Hidingandhighlighting,AnimportantideainConceptualMetaphorTheoryrelatestohidingandhighlighting:whenatargetisstructuredintermsofaparticularsource,thishighlightscertainaspectsofthetargetwhilesimultaneouslyhidingotheraspects.Forexample:ARGUMENTISWARhighlightstheadversarialnatureofargumentbuthidesthefactthatargumentofteninvolvesanorderedandorganizeddevelopmentofaparticulartopic.Thisshowsthatthatthemetaphoricalstructuringinvolvedhereispartial,nottotal.Ifitweretotal,oneconceptwouldactuallybetheother,notmerelybeunderstoodintermsofit.,A,10,CategoriesofMetaphors,（1）Orientationalmetaphorrelatestospatialorientation,isnotarbitrarybutisbasedonourphysicalandculturalexperience.Throughorientationalmetaphor,wecanprojectspecificspatialorientationsontosomeabstractconcepts,suchasemotion(happyandsad),body(illnessanddeath),andmorality(virtueanddepravity).Forexample：HAPPYISUP；SADIDDOWNImfeelingup.Myspiritsrose.Hesreallylowthesedays.Ifellintoadepression.,A,11,(2)ontologicalmetaphormeanshumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsenableustoviewabstractconceptsandexperiencesasentitiesandsubstances.Forexample:INFLATIONISANENTITY.Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.Weneedtocombatinflation.Containermetaphorisanontologicalmetaphorinwhichsomeconceptisrepresentedashavinganinsideandoutside,andcapableofholdingsomethingelse.Personificationcanbeviewedasaformofontologicalmetaphor.Inpersonification,humanqualitiesaregiventononhumanentities.MetonymyisalsoanontologicalmetaphoraccordingtoMetaphorsWeLiveBy,whichreferstousingoneentitytorepresentanotherthatisrelatedtoit.,A,12,（3）structuralmetaphorallowsustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgivesuspossibilitytometaphoricallystructureoneconceptthatar