专题辅导：英文书信作文常用语句、动名词和分词用法

专题辅导：英文书信作文常用语句、动名词和分词用法 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式;动名词和分词。分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。 英语专题辅导：动名词和分词用法 一、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： 1. 非谓语动词由于不能用作谓语，因而没有语法上的主语，但它往往有逻辑上的主语。如： how can i get to know her? 我怎么能认识她呢?(不定式to know 的逻辑主语是 i ) the boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语是them) i cant bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他这么晚睡。 (动名词 staying up 的逻辑主语是 him) we being league member, the work was well done.(现在分词的逻辑主语是we) who is that speaking? 您是哪一位?(现在分词的逻辑主语是 that) they plan further talks with interested parties on this question. 他们就此问题打算与有关各方进一步谈判。(过去分词interested parties 的逻辑主语是 parties) 2. 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。非谓语动词短语往往可以转化成各种从句。如： the man standing there is our english teacher. the man who is standing there is our english teacher. 站在那儿的那个人是我们的英语教师。(现在分词短语转化为定语从句) 3. 非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词)，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 the foreign guests hope to join the national day celebration of beijing. the foreign guests hope that they can join the national day celebration of beijing. 外宾希望参加北京的国庆庆祝会。(不定式短语转化为宾语从句) i regret being unable to help. i regret that i cannot help. 我感到抱歉，不能帮助你。(动名词短语转化为宾语从句) 4. 非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中作状语。 非谓语动词在句子中能够做的成分： 二、非谓语动词用法： (一)动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1、动名词的形式： seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(一般式) he came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(被动式) we remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(完成式) he forgot having been taken to guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(完成被动式) i regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。(否定式) 2、动名词的句法功能： 1)作主语： collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 its no use crying. 哭是没用的。 2)作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。 his hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。 3)作宾语： they havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 we have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： we found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语要跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认)，deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keep from, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on 4)作定语： he cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 5)作同位语： the cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 his habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 (二)现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 1)现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： they went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 2)现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 the problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2、现在分词的句法功能： 1)作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。 i like the book lying there. in the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 the man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking. 2)现在分词作表语： the argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。 the film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 the present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 3)作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗? he kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 4)现在分词作状语： a)作时间状语： (while) working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 b)作原因状语： being a league member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 c)作方式状语，表示伴随： he stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 d)作条件状语： (if) playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 e)作结果状语： he dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 f)作目的状语： he went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。 g)作让步状语： though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 h)与逻辑主语构成独立主格： i waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。 all the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式 with the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 h)作独立成分： judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 (三)过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1、作定语： i dont like the book written by martin. our class went on an organized trip last monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2、过去分词作表语： they were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 the window is broken. 窗户破了。 they were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： the window is broken.(系表) the window was broken by the boy.(被动) 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界) 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3、过去分词作宾语补足语： i heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： with the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4、过去分词作状语： praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因) once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。(表示时间) given more time, ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。(表示条件) though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格： all books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。 the field ploughed, he began to spread seed.地耕好了，他开始撒种子。 三、现在分词与过去分词的区别: 1. 作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的 travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 the pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 the game is exciting. (现在分词作表语) we were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语) 2. 分词作定语 分词作定语时有下面几个特点： 1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 he rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 the child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 the room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。 he is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。 3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired, returned,risen,set, vanished,much-traveled, newly-arrived,recently-come 3. 分词作状语 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 he went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 smiling, they came in. 2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 cleaned, the room looks nice. given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 目标测试 1.iworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatihardlyhadtime _ the lastbus. a. tohavecaught b. tocatch c. catching d. havingcaught 2.imustmakefulluseofthetime _ lefttomeanddoasmuchasican forthepeople. a. there beingb. there isc. there ared. there to be 3.he does nothing but_ . a. complainingb. to complainingc. complaind. to complain 4.youregoingtoenglandnextyear.youshouldnowpractise _ englishas muchaspossible. a. speakb. to speakc. speakingd. speak about 5.thestudentsexpectedthere _ morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam. a. isb. beingc. have beend. to be 6.ifwedontstartoutnow,wemustrisk _ thetrain. a. missb. missingc. being missedd. to miss 7.surelyherdaughterwouldmakeanevenbiggereffort _ her? a. pleaseb. pleasedc. to pleased. having pleased 8.thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper _ inbroaddaylightyesterday. a. to be robbedb. robbed c. to have been robbed d. having been robbed 9.heisan _ teacher. a. advancingb. advancedc. being advancingd. advance 10._ exceptions,therulemaystand. a. allow forb. allowing forc. to allowd.to allow for 11.thelocalhealthorganizationisreported _ twenty-fiveyearsagehen dr.adudonbecameitsfirstpresident. a. to be set upb. being set up c. to have been set upd. having been set up 12.theystopped _ ,butnowimgettinginterested. a. listeningb. to listenc. listend. having listening 13.iheardhim _ thedoor a. lockingb. to lockc. lockd. being locking 14. wedontwant _ anycomradeslaggingbehind. a. there beingb. there to beingc. there to bed. there is 15.nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways _ withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen. a. combinedb. having combinedc. combined. being combined 16.johnpaintedhersittinginachairwithherhands _. a. foldingb. to have foldedc. to foldd. folded 17.theportuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravel,thatman _ princehenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury. a. wasb. beingc. isd. havingbeen 18.hisvictoryinthefinalwasnomore _ thanihadexpected. a. convincingb. convincedc. toconvinced. beingconvincing 19.lotsofemptybootswerefoundundertheoldmansbed. hemusthavedonenothingbut_ . a. drinkb. todrinkc. drinkingd. drunk 20.iappreciated _ theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago. a. havingbeengiven b. havingbeen c. tohavebeengivend. tohavegiven 21.ihavegotaloafofbread;nowimlookingforaknife_ . a. tocutitwithb. tocutwithit c. withittocutd. ittocutwith 22.thereisnopoint_ further. a. argueb. toarguec. arguingd. beingarguing 23.the function of louis sullivans architecture was _ large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. a. to provideb. providingc. having providingd. provide 24.on seeing the young child _ into the lake, john sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue. a. fellb. fallc. fallingd. to fall 25.i am sorry to hear that you resorted _ . a. to cheatb. to cheatingc. cheatingd. cheat 26.he wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insufficiently popular with all members. a. being consideredb. considering. c. to be consideredd. having considered 27.the article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _ one major point in contrast with the other. a. makeb. madec. istomaked. making 28. all flights _ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. a. were canceledb. had been canceled c. having canceledd. having been canceled 参考答案： 1-5bbccd6-10bccbb11-15cbccd16-20dbaaa 21-25acabb26-28add 英语专题辅导：如何做好中译英翻译题 高考英语中的翻译(中译英)题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分; 2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分; 3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢?考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么?读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语;对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来;对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句;2.并列句;3.复合句;同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：it句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句there be结构;2)wrong的用法;3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：there was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(notbut) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句;what引导的主语从句;2)notbut结构;3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：when(we are)in difficulty/when we meet with difficulties/when we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢?(prevent) 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为we should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：what can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。(likely) 译句：he is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成it is possible that的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或its likely that的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。(go through) 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，shanghai has gone through,it has become，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。 译句：shanghai has gone through many changes and now it has become a world-famous economic center. 例6：我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。(impress) 分析：在注意到impress使用的基础上，尽管从原句中无法读出如此以至于的意思，但要想到句中缺少一定的连接词，这时就可以运用到sothat结构。 译句：i was so impressed by these words that i used them later for a christmas card. 例7：人们对于那些乐于帮助他人脱离险境的人总是满怀感激之情。(grateful) 分析：grateful的词组是be grateful to sb for sth，这是一句简单的陈述句，它的主干是人们对于那些人满怀感激，总是让我们想到be always doing，而那些人有由who引导的定语从句修饰。 译句：people are always grateful to those who are ready to help others out of danger. 例8：我还没来得及提醒他要保守这个秘密他就匆匆挂了电话。(before) 分析：这个翻译在动笔之前一定要搞清句意，抓住主干。要理清事情发展的顺序，他先挂了电话，我还没来得及提醒他，所以before前后的部分千万不能颠倒，要看懂主干。 译句：he hung up the phone in a hurry before i could remind him to keep the secret. 例9：他忘了带阅读证，进不了图书馆。(accessible) 分析：学生习惯按照中文的顺序来进行翻译，而此句中的accessible恰恰是几个我们必须要牢记的sth. be + adj. to sb.结构之一，那么中文要理解成图书馆对于我们是无法进入的。 译句：he forgot to bring the reading card, so the library was not accessible to him. 例10：你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会吗?(possible) 分析：单纯翻译“能否做某事”，考生可能会想到can do sth或者be able to do sth等短语，但是括号里给出了possible这个单词，就要想如何用这个词表达能否做某事的含义，即做某事是否可能。it is possible for sb to do sth这个短语也是高中里很重要的一个表达。 译句：is it possible for you to attend/ come to my birthday party this evening/tonight? 例11：尽管遭受如此严重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，我们终会克服暂时的困难。(although) 分析：翻译中的长句, 要判断句子之间的逻辑关系，然后用合适的连接词(或者介词短语，非谓语动词等)把句子给连接起来，整个句子就搞定了。另外，考生对一些词的翻译不甚了解，可能会导致失分，例如“遭受”、“灰心”、“克服”、“暂时”这些词的翻译。在翻译长句子时还有很重要的一点就是不要漏掉重要信息，这需要考生在翻译时对句子的细节有精准的把握，翻译完后再对照一下中英文意思，看有没有遗漏重要信息。 译句：although we are suffering such a serious/severe natural disaster，we will eventually smooth away/overcome the temporary difficulty as long as we dont/never lose heart. 例12：无论风多大、雨多急，警察一直坚守在岗位上。(no matter) 分析：本句是一个让步状语从句，要用“no matter”的结构来翻译。通过对从句部分的理解从而确定是用“no matter how”来连接和引导主从句。 译句：no matter how hard the rain falls and the wind blows, the police keep to their posts. 例13：据报道，这种野生植物含有丰富的维生素。(it) 分析：本题考查：1)it句型;2)be rich in或contain的用法。 译句：it is reported that this wild plant is rich in/contains/has a lot of vitamins. 例14：我从未想到这种事竟然会发生在他的身上。(occur) 分析：学生会把occur对应到发生这个意思上，而将我从未想到译为i have not thought that这样，尽管使用到了key word，但也无法得分。明显occur应使用在从未想到这个结构中，为it never occurred to sb. that 译句：it never occurred to me that such a thing should happen to him. 专题辅导：英文书信作文常用语句 英文信件开头常用语 you letter came to me this morning. i have received your letter of july the 20th. im writing to you about the lecture to be given next monday. im writing to ask if you can come next week. how time flies! its three months since i saw you last. thank you for your letter. in reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year); let me tell you that 英文信件结尾常用语 please remember me to your whole family. give my best regards (wishes) to your mother. best wishes. with love. wish you a pleasant jo