美国法律体系.ppt

2020/5/7,爱校园课件,1,LessonFive,Constitution,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,2,Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。美国总统托马斯杰弗逊,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,3,Background,CommonLaw-EquityLaw普通法-衡平法,SubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLaw实体法-程序法,PublicLaw-PrivateLaw公法-私法,英美法系国家的法律分类有三种：,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,4,公法包括：宪法、行政法、刑法、税法等。私法包括：合同法、侵权法、财产法、公司法、家庭法等。公法中最重要的是宪法。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,5,HistoryoftheConstitution,ArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion联邦条例(1777),2020/5/7,爱校园课件,6,HistoryoftheConstitution,THEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789),2020/5/7,爱校园课件,7,Preamble序言ArticleI第一条-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-StatesRelationsArticleV-ModeofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOffice就职宣誓ArticleVII-Ratification,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,8,PREAMBLE,WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,9,HistoryoftheConstitution,Amendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS权利和自由修正案,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,10,PartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelaw,supremelawoftheland.宪法是美国最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongressconflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.,没有效力,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,11,DecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourthaveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加强了宪法至上原则。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,12,Finalauthorityisvestedin赋予,授予theAmericanpeople.最终权力属于美国人民changethefundamentallaw基本法,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,13,Theday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民将日常的管理事务委托给公务员。,Elected选举,Appointed委任,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,14,Publicofficials公务员,Powerislimited.权力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他们的公共行为必须符合宪法和依照宪法制定的法律。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,15,Electedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举，其政绩要受到公众全面监督。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,16,Appointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就会被撤职。,Exception,JusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudges,Lifetimeappointment终身聘任,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,17,Ballotbox投票箱,TheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.,美国人通过投票箱表达他们的意愿。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,18,Theprocessofimpeachment弹劾程序,removalofapublicofficialfromoffice将一个政府官员撤职Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance严重失职或渎职,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,19,宪法第条第款：,“ThePresident,VicePresident,andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.”总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，凡受叛国、贿赂或其他重罪轻罪的弹劾并被定罪时，应被免职。,Treason叛国罪,Bribery受贿罪,Misdemeanor轻罪,Otherhighcrimes其他重罪,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,20,Impeachment,HouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.众议院投票通过弹劾议案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrial.在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判,众议院是作为起诉人的角色，而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,21,Impeachment,Drasticmeasure严厉措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名联邦官员受到弹劾,NineJudgesAnAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtASecretaryofWar国防部长ASenatorApresident,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,22,参议院的审理结果是：,名法官中，人被宣判有罪而被免职，人被宣布无罪；以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议员的起诉；以一票之差宣告约翰逊总统无罪；宣告国防部长无罪。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,23,AndrewJohnson,站在南方种植园奴隶主的立场，实施了一系列重建南方的反动措施，遭到控制国会的共和党激进派的强烈反对。,AndrewJohnson(18081875),2020/5/7,爱校园课件,24,RichardNixon,InlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommittee众院司法委员会recommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowers,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.藐视他们的传票,Watergatecrisis,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,25,BillClinton（1946-）,Zippergate拉链门andClinton:Impeachment,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,26,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,27,Inadditiontosettingforthgeneralpoliticalideas,theConstitutionprovidestheblueprintforthegovernmentalsystem.Thethreemajorarticlesdescribethethreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentlegislative,executiveandjudicialeachwithspecificdutiesandresponsibilities.除了提出一般性政治观念之外，宪法还规定了政府体制的蓝图。它用三个主要的条款规定了美国政府的三个部门：立法、行政和司法，它们各自拥有相应的职权，承担相应的责任。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,28,Threebranchesofthenationalgovernment,Legislative立法机关,Executive行政机关,Judicial司法机关,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,29,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,30,Part2:Theprinciplesofgovernment,Threemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三个主要的政府机构相互独立和区别。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的微妙制约。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,31,Eachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一个部门都作为对其他部门可能滥用职权的制约。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,32,CongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachother.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.,Congress-CourtsKeepingtheBalance,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,33,Congress-PresidentKeepingtheBalance,ThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheck制约CongressandCongresshasspecialwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill否决议案.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.推翻总统的否决,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,34,宪法至上,TheConstitution,law,andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.宪法与根据宪法条款通过的法律以及由总统签署并由参议院批准的条约的效力高于所有其他法律和行政法规。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,35,Equal,Allmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolawsprotection.所有人都有权享有法律的保护。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,36,Stategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.与联邦政府一样，州政府形式上必须是共和制，最终权力归于人民。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,37,Part3:ProvisionsofAmendment修正案条款,ChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.宪法要想保持活力并跟得上国家发展的步伐，就必须不断改变。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,38,Theprocessofchangesshouldnot,Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople少数人不能够阻止大多数人所希望的（修宪）行为,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,39,AdualprocesstochangetheConstitution双轨程序,Congressmayinitiateanamendment国会提起宪法修改动议,ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.州立法机关要求国会召开国民大会讨论并起草修正案,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,40,Asidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改变宪法本身外，通过司法解释，可以改变宪法条款的效力。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,41,Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则,Landmarkcase标志性案件；有里程碑意义的案件,WilliamMarbury,JamesMadison,vs.,诉,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,42,InMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.国会的法案是否符合宪法,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall(1755-1835),2020/5/7,爱校园课件,43,judicialreview司法审查权,ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconstitutionality.司法审查权是联邦最高法院解释国会行为并确定国会行为合宪性的权力。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,44,judicialreview司法审查权,ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法审查权包含最高法院解释应用于不断变化的法律、政治、经济和社会环境的宪法各部分的意义的权力。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,45,AseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.最高法院裁决有改变宪法指向的效果，但并没有使宪法本身发生实质性变化。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,46,Congressionallegislation,passedtoimplementprovisionsofthebasiclaw,ortoadaptittochangingconditions,alsobroadensandchangesthemeaningoftheconstitution.国会为执行基本法或使基本法适应改变的环境而制定的法律，也拓宽和改变了宪法的含义。,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,47,Therulesandregulationsofmyriadagenciesofthefederalgovernmentmayhaveasimilareffect.联邦政府各机构制定的规章制度也具有类似的作用（拓宽和改变了宪法的含义）。,Acidtest严峻的考验,严格的检验标准就是这种立法和规章是否符合宪法本身的意图和目的,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,48,重点专业词汇,ArticlesofConfederation联邦条例BILLOFRIGHTS权力法案Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy宪法至上原则,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,49,Lifetimeappointment终身任职Ballotbox投票箱Impeachment弹劾misconductormalfeasance过失或渎职,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,50,Treason叛国罪Bribery贿赂Misdemeanor轻罪HouseofRepresentatives众议院,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,51,Senate参议院Legislative，Executive，Judicial立法、行政、司法Amendment修正案Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则Therulesandregulations法律法规,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,52,Questionsaboutthetext,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,53,1.Whatisthedoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy?Thedoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacymeansthatwhenstateconstitutions,orlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongress,arefoundtoconflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,54,2.HowcantheAmericanpeoplechangetheU.S.constitution?ByamendingtheConstitution,or-intheory,atleastdraftinganewone.3.Whyisthepowerofpublicofficialslimited?Becausethepowerofpublicofficialsisdelegatedbythepeople,and,withoutthelimit,thepowerwillbeabused.4.WhohasthelifetimeappointmentinAmericanjudiciary?Federaljusticesandjudges.,2020/5/7,爱校园课件,55,5.HowdoAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox?Byvotingfororagainstthecandidatesofpublicoffices.6.Whatistheprocessofimpeachment?TheHouseofRepresentativesmustvoteabillofimpeachment.ThepublicofficialisthentriedintheSenate,witht