[外语课件]6 Nathaniel Hawthorne.ppt

nathanielhawthorne（july4,1804may19,1864),americannovelistandshortstorywriter,muchofhawthorneswritingcentersaroundnewengland,manyworksfeaturingmoralallegorieswithapuritaninspiration.hisfictionworksareconsideredpartoftheromanticmovementand,morespecifically,darkromanticism.histhemesoftencenterontheinherentevilandsinofhumanity,andhisworksoftenhavemoralmessagesanddeeppsychologicalcomplexity.,featuresofhisworks,a.senseofsinandevil(sinandpunishment)b.tensionbetweenhead(intellect)andheart(emotion),thescarletletternathanielhawthorne,thescarletletter(1850)isanovelwrittenbynathanielhawthorne,consideredtobehismasterpiece.setin17th-centurypuritanboston,ittellsthestoryofhesterprynne,whogivesbirthaftercommittingadulteryandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.,aboutthenovel,hawthornecreatesasenseofambiguityoruncertaintyinreaders,usingmetaphorstocreatethiseffect.thenovelisnotrealisticcharactersaresymbols,notrealpeoplethenovelmaybeconsideredanallegory,ataleinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.,althoughcommonlycalledanovel,consideredtobea“romance”concernedwith“internaltruths”or“truthsofthehumanheart”useofimaginationratherthanrealisticrepresentationsembellishesrelationshipbetweenhumanandnature,hawthornecalledthenovela“romance”nottiedtoordinaryexperience.,hawthornemakesthisdistinctionbecauseatthetimehewaswriting,novelsweresupposedtodealwithrealisticrepresentationsofhumanexperiencesorexternaltruths.romancesallowedtheauthortodeviatefromrealityinfavorofimagination.thusthescarletletterisnotanhistoricalnovelaboutpuritanboston,butaromanceset200yearsbeforehawthornestimeinwhichhetellsatalethatmayhaveoccurred,givensomehistoricalfactsandmanyinsightsintohumannature.,thescarletletter:background,thesettingofthescarletletterisbostoninthe1640s.persecutedinengland,thepuritanscametonorthamericatoformtheirowncommunities.,thescarletletter:background,lifeinthecolonieswasharsh,butitgavethepuritanstheopportunitytoformasocietybasedontheirreligiousideals.,thescarletletter:background,puritanssoughtthefreedomtolivebytheirbeliefs.,however,thepuritanleadersdidnottoleratereligiousbeliefsthatdifferedfromtheirown.,thepuritansbelievedthatallthingsarecontrolledbeforehandbythewillofgod.thisdoctrineiscalledpredestination.,noonecouldknowforcertainiftheyweredestinedtoreceivesalvation.,thescarletletter:background,however,agoodpuritanstillhadtoliveaspureandrighteousalifeaspossibleandtowatchforsignsofsinfulnessinothers.,thescarletletter:background,asforpersonalfreedom,everymemberofthecommunitywasheldtostrictstandardsofbehavior.,inapuritancommunitysuchashesters,noaspectoflifewastrulyprivate.,peoplekeptaclosewatchontheirneighbors.,thescarletletter:background,thoseconsideredsinnerswerepubliclyandharshlypunished,asanexampletoothers.,inboston,thelawsofthechurchwerethelawsofthestate.apuritancouldbewhipped,banishedfromtown,orimprisonedforoffenses.,lawsprohibitedeverythingfromswearingtoexcessivedecorationonwomenscapstomurder,itwasillegaltomisschurchonsabbathdays安息日.itwasalsoillegaltosleepduringsermons布道thatcouldrun3ormorehourslongduringeachsession(morningandafternoon)onasabbath.virtuallyanyoffensecouldlandyouinthepillory,orstocks.thepuritansimportedthispunishmenttonewenglandfromengland.,一位年轻的女孩赫丝特普林（hesterprynne）出生于英格兰。她有深黑的眼睛，乌黑的头发，令人非常的着迷。她嫁给一个年老的医生、学者罗格齐灵窝斯（rogerchillingworth）。当时是英国人移民新大陆的热潮，齐灵窝斯决定定居到美国波士顿。他让赫丝特普林先行出发，老学者两年后才前往美国。这时赫丝特却和他人通奸，生下一名女儿珠儿（pearl）。按清教徒的法律，犯了通奸罪，要在胸前佩带红字。,红字故事梗概,赫丝特孤苦顽强地生活着，靠着刺绣维生。齐灵窝斯在替牧师丁米司兑尔（arthurdimmesdale）治病时，终于发现丁米司兑尔就是那位姘头，想置之死地。牧师长期受到内心世界的折磨，更为自己伪善的角色感到厌恶。七年的精神折磨之后，在一次新市长就职盛大典礼中，他终于向世人坦承他所犯的罪，随即气绝死在赫丝特怀里。赫丝特带着珠儿远走他乡。几年后珠儿长大成人，嫁人去了。赫丝特再回到波士顿，仍带着那个红色的字，把红字变成了道德、光荣的象征，一直到老死。,thenovelbeginswiththenarrator,acustomhouseofficial,whohappenstofindascarletletter“a”inaboxhefindsonedayintheoffice.thenarratorthenrelatesthestoryofhesterprynne,theoriginalbearerofthescarletletter,wholivedinbostonwhenitwasjustasmallpuritansettlementintheseventeenthcentury.,hestersstorybeginsonascaffoldjustoutsidethetownprison.shehascommittedadultery,givenbirthtoachildoutofwedlock,andrefusestonamethemanwithwhomshehadtheaffair.thevillageleadershopetoshameherintonamingherloverbymakingherintoapublicspectacle.evenunderintensepressure,hesterrefusestorevealhersecret.shealonemustbeartheshameandisolationresultingfromheractions.asapunishment,hesterismadetowearascarletletter“a”onherchestatalltimes.theletter“a”standsforadulteryandcausesherandherdaughtertobescornedbythemembersofhercommunity.,hestersformerhusbandreturnstowitnesshestersshame.hedecidestoseekrevengeagainstthemanwho,inhisopinion,ruinedhesterslifeandstolehiswifefromhim.,chillingwortheventuallydeterminesthatdimmesdaleisthefatherofhestersdaughter,pearl.heplotsanelaborateschemeinordertoavengethewrongheperceiveswascommittedbydimmesdale.,hesterdiscoverschillingworthsplantotorturedimmesdaleonadailybasis,andrecognizesthatdimmesdaleshealthissignificantlyimpactedbytherevengeplot.hersecretisslowlykillingtheminister.asaresult,hestermustbreakthepromiseshemadeyearsagotoneverrevealtheidentityofchillingworthinordertosavedimmesdaleslife.,sherevealschillingworthstrueidentitytodimmesdaleandbegsforhisforgiveness.sheexpressesherdesirefordimmesdaletoleavethecountryforhisownsafety,butdimmesdaledoesnotwanttobealone.hesterofferstoleavewithhim,andtheyplantoleaveonashipboundforeuropeinthreedays.,thedaybeforetheshipistosail,thetownspeoplegatherforaholidayputoninhonorofanelectionanddimmesdalepreacheshismosteloquentsermonever.meanwhile,hesterhaslearnedthatchillingworthknowsoftheirplanandhasbookedpassageonthesameship.dimmesdale,leavingthechurchafterhissermon,seeshesterandpearlstandingbeforethetownscaffold.heimpulsivelymountsthescaffoldwithhisloverandhisdaughter,andconfessespublicly,exposingthemarksupposedlysearedintothefleshofhischest.hefallsdeadjustafterpearlkisseshim.,thescarletletter:analysisofthetheme,whathappenswhenaprivatesinbecomesapubliccrime?,thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofthesinonpeople.,theme,theexperienceofhesteranddimmesdalerecallsthestoryofadamandevebecause,inbothcases,sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering.butitalsoresultsinknowledgespecifically,inknowledgeofwhatitmeanstobehuman.,althoughpuritansocietycondemnshester,dimmesdale“addshypocrisytosin”byrefusingtoadmittheaffair,whichenflameshisinternaltormentuntilheconfesses.onlywhendimmesdaleclimbsthescaffoldinthetownsquareandconfessesishefree.,hawthorneclearlyindicatesthatchillingworthssinoftormentingdimmesdaleisgreaterthandimmesdalessinofadulterywithhiswife.hisvengefulnessandevildispositionarerevealedinhiscruelmanipulationandtortureofdimmesdale.,symbolismgenerallyspeaking,asymbolisanythingwhichisusedtorepresentsomethingotherthanitself.inliterature,itismostoftenaconcreteobjectwhichisusedtorepresentsomethingbroaderandmoreabstract-oftenamoral,religious,orphilosophicalconceptorvalue.,“thescarletletter”isusuallyregardedasthefirstsymbolicnoveltobewrittenintheunitedstates.,thetownmagistratessentencedhestertowearthescarlet“a”fortherestofherlifesoallwouldrecognizeherasanadulteress.overtime,however,newcomersdidnotknowthehistoryo