论文基本架构和格式

論文基本架構和格式,Contents:,APAin-textcitationAPAworkreferenceMLAin-textcitationMLAworkreference,APAandMLAin-textcitation,(姓+名字第一個字母),(儘量寫出作者全名),(第二位名字為:名+姓),(第二位後的名字為:名+姓),(etal.=andothers),APAAmericanPsychologicalAssociationFormat,/library/links/apa5th.htm,CreatingAPAparentheticalcitations,Parentheticalcitationsarecitationstooriginalsourcesthatappearinthetextofyourpaper.Thisallowsthereadertoseeimmediatelywhereyourinformationcomesfrom,anditsavesyouthetroubleofhavingtomakefootnotesorendnotes.TheAPAstylecallsforthreekindsofinformationtobeincludedinin-textcitations.Theauthorslastnameandtheworksdateofpublicationmustalwaysappear,andtheseitemsmustmatchexactlythecorrespondingentryinthereferenceslist.Thethirdkindofinformation,thepagenumber,appearsonlyinacitationtoadirectquotation.,Wheretoplaceparentheticalcitations,ThebasicformatforAPAin-textcitation,BasicFormat(Authorslastname,yearofpublication)e.g.,Onerecentstudyfindsageneticlinktoalcoholism(Jones,1997).e.g.,Jones(1997)findsageneticlinktoalcoholism.MultipleAuthorsWhenaworkhasonlytwoauthors,usebothoftheirnameseachtimetheirworkiscited,joinedbyanampersand(conversely,eachentryinthereferencelistmustbecitedintext.ArrangeentriesinalphabeticalorderGiveinparenthesestheyeartheworkwaspublished.Formagazinesandnewspapers,givetheyearfollowedbythemonthanddate,ifany.Ifnodateisavailable,write(n.d.)Givevolumenumbersformagazines,journals,andnewsletters.Includetheissuenumberforjournalsifandonlyifeachissuebeginsonpage1.,/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html,APATablesandFigures,BasicRulesforTablesinAPAFormat,Tablesareagreatwaytodisplayagreatdealofinformationinconcise,clearandeasytoreadformat.Alltablesshouldbenumbered(e.g.Table1.,Table2.,Table3.)Alwaysplaceaperiodafterthenumber.Eachtableshouldhaveanindividualtitle,italicizedandpresentedwitheachwordcapitalized(exceptand,in,of,with,etc.).Forexample:CorrelationsBetweenAgeandTestScoresEachtableshouldbeginonaseparatepage.Allelementsofthetableshouldbedoublespaced.Alltablesshouldbereferencedinthetextofthepaper.Tablesshouldbelast,afteryourreferencelistandappendixes.,TableHeadingsTableheadingsshouldbelocatedflushright.Eachcolumnshouldbeidentifiedusingadescriptiveheading.Thefirstletterofeachheadingshouldbecapitalized.Abbreviationsforstandardterms(e.g.M,SD,etc.)canbeusedwithoutexplanation.Uncommondefinitionsshouldbeexplainedinanotebelowthetable.AdditionalNotestoanAPAFormatTableIfadditionalexplanationisneeded,anotecanbeaddedbelowthetable.Therearethreekindsofnotes:Generalnotes,specificnotes,andprobabilitynotes.Generalnotesrefertosomeaspectoftheentiretable;specificnotesrefertoaparticularcolumnorrow;probabilitynotesspecifytheprobability-level.,Horizontallinescanbeusedtoseparateinformationandmakeitclearer.DonotuseverticallinesinanAPAformattable.Threehorizontallines,orrules,areafeatureofAPAtables.Thefirstrulecomesbelowthetitle,thesecondbelowthecolumnheadings,andthethirdatthebottomofthetable.Thereisnospecificinstructionspecifyingthesizeorheightofarule;aslightlyboldlinemayhelpthetablestandout.Whateveryourpreference,beconsistent,usethesameheightforrulesinalltablesinyourpaper.,ExampleofAPAtable,RulesforfiguresinAPAFormat,Labels.ThegraphmeetsAPAstandardsforpresentationandlabelingtheaxes.TheY-axis,theverticalaxisontheleftsideofthegraph,islabeledwiththetextinheadingcapsparalleltotheaxis(readablewhenthegraphisrotated90degreesclockwise).TheseareAPArequirements.TheX-axis,thehorizontalaxis,isselfexplanatoryandneednoadditionallabels.Caption.Figuresarenumberedliketables,startingwith1andcontinuinginwholenumbersthroughthetext,thewordFigureandnumberinitalics.Thecaptionexplainsenoughaboutthecontentsothereaderneednotrefertothetext.,Figure4.CasesofHantavirusPulmonarySyndrome(HPS)confirmedintheFourCornerstates(Arizona,Colorado,NewMexico,Utah)from1993through2002byquarterofonsetofsymptoms.FromHantavirusinIndianCountry:TheFirstDecadeinReview,byR.Pottinger,2005,AmericanIndianCultureandResearchJournal,29(2),p.42.Usedwithpermissionoftheauthor.,ExampleofAPAresearchpaper,MLAModernLanguageAssociation,WhatIsMLAStyle?,Allfieldsofresearchagreeontheneedtodocumentscholarlyborrowings,butdocumentationconventionsvarybecauseofthedifferentneedsofscholarlydisciplines.MLAstylefordocumentationiswidelyusedinthehumanities,especiallyinwritingonlanguageandliterature.Generallysimplerandmoreconcisethanotherstyles,MLAstylefeaturesbriefparentheticalcitationsinthetextkeyedtoanalphabeticallistofworkscitedthatappearsattheendofthework.MLAstylehasbeenwidelyadoptedbyschools,academicdepartments,andinstructorsforoverhalfacentury.Theassociationsguidelinesarealsousedbyover1,100scholarlyandliteraryjournals,newsletters,andmagazinesandbymanyuniversityandcommercialpresses.TheMLApublishestwoauthoritativeexplanationsofMLAstyle:theMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapersandtheMLAStyleManualandGuidetoScholarlyPublishing.,ThebasicformatforMLAin-textcitation,MLAIn-TextCitations:Author-PageStyle,MLAformatfollowstheauthor-pagemethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthorslastnameandthepagenumber(s)fromwhichthequotationorparaphraseistakenmustappearinthetext.Placetheauthorsnamefollowedbyaspaceandtherelevantpagenumber(s).AcompletereferenceshouldappearontheWorksCitedpage.Theauthorsnamemayappeareitherinthesentenceitselforinparenthesesfollowingthequotationorparaphrase,butthepagenumber(s)shouldalwaysappearintheparentheses,notinthetextofyoursentence.,BasicFormat(Authorslastname,pagenumbers)example:WordsworthstatedthatRomanticpoetrywasmarkedbyaspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(263).Romanticpoetryischaracterizedbythespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(Wordsworth263).Wordsworthextensivelyexploredtheroleofemotioninthecreativeprocess(263).Humanbeingshavebeendescribedassymbol-usinganimals(Burke3).Yourin-textcitationwillcorrespondwithanentryinyourWorksCitedpage,which,fortheBurkecitationabove,willlooksomethinglikethis:Wordsworth,William.LyricalBallads.London:OxfordU.P.,1967.Burke,Kenneth.LanguageasSymbolicAction:EssaysonLife,Literature,andMethod.Berkeley:UofCaliforniaP,1966.,Multipleauthors(twoorthreeauthors)e.g.(Burgoon,HunsakerandDawson175)Iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,nameonlythefirstandaddetalornameeachauthor.MultiplecitationsTocitemultiplesourcesinthesameparentheticalreference,separatethecitationsbyasemi-colon:.ashasbeendiscussedelsewhere(Burke3;Dewey21).,MLAWorksCitedPage:BasicFormat,1.BasicRulesBeginyourWorksCitedpageonaseparatepageattheendofyourresearchpaper.Itshouldhavethesameone-inchmarginsandlastname,pagenumberheaderastherestofyourpaper.LabelthepageWorksCited(donotunderlinethewordsWorksCitedorputtheminquotationmarks)andcenterthewordsWorksCitedatthetopofthepage.Doublespaceallcitations,butdonotskipspacesbetweenentries.Indentthesecondandsubsequentlinesofcitationsfivespacessothatyoucreateahangingindent.Listpagenumbersofsourcesefficiently,whenneeded.Ifyourefertoajournalarticlethatappearedonpages225through250,listthepagenumbersonyourWorksCitedpageas225-50.Ifyourecitinganarticleorapublicationthatwasoriginallyissuedinprintformbutthatyouretrievedfromanonlinedatabase,youshouldprovideenoughinformationsothatthereadercanlocatethearticleeitherinitsoriginalprintformorretrieveitfromtheonlinedatabase(iftheyhaveaccess).,/owl/resource/557/06/,2.CapitalizationandPunctuation,Capitalizeeachwordinthetitlesofarticles,books,etc,butdonotcapitalizearticles,shortprepositions,orconjunctionsunlessoneisthefirstwordofthetitleorsubtitle:GonewiththeWind,TheArtofWar,ThereIsNothingLefttoLoseUseitalicsorunderliningfortitlesoflargerworks(books,magazines)andquotationmarksfortitlesofshorterworks(poems,articles),3.ListingAuthorNames,Entriesarelistedbyauthorname(or,forentireeditedcollections,editornames).Authornamesarewrittenlastnamefirst;middlenamesormiddleinitialsfollowthefirstname:Burke,KennethLevy,DavidM.Wallace,DavidFosterDonotlisttitles(Dr.,Sir,Saint,etc.)ordegrees(PhD,MA,DDS,etc.)withnames.AbooklistinganauthornamedJohnBigbrain,PhDappearssimplyasBigbrain,John;do,however,includesuffixeslikeJr.orII.Puttingitalltogether,aworkbyDr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.wouldbecitedasKing,MartinLuther,Jr.,withthesuffixfollowingthefirstormiddlenameandacomma.,4.MorethanOneWorkbyanAuthor,Ifyouhavecitedmorethanoneworkbyaparticularauthor,ordertheentriesalphabeticallybytitle,andusethreehyphensinplaceoftheauthorsnameforeveryentryafterthefirst:Burke,Kenneth.AGrammarofMotives.-.ARhetoricofMotives.Whenanauthororcollectioneditorappearsbothasthesoleauthorofatextandasthefirstauthorofagroup,listsolo-authorentriesfirst:Heller,Steven,ed.TheEducationofanE-Designer.Heller,StevenandKarenPomeroy.DesignLiteracy:UnderstandingGraphicDesign.,5.WorkwithNoKnownAuthor,Alphabetizeworkswithnoknownauthorbytheirtitle;useashortenedversionofthetitleintheparentheticalcitationsinyourpaper.,CitingElectronicSourcesorSourcesfromtheInternet,WithmoreandmorescholarlyworkbeingpostedontheInternet,wemayhavetociteresearchcompletedinvirtualenvironments.Whencreatingin-textcitationforelectronic,film,orInternetsources,rememberthatyourcitationmustreferencethesourceinyourWorksCited.TheURLsforWebsitesareincludedintheWorksCitedlistonly.,Dean,Cornelia.ExecutiveonaMission:SavingthePlanet.NewYorkTimesontheWeb22May2007.25May2007.GlobalWarming.2007.CoolerHeadsCoalition.24May2007.,MoreexamplesofMLA,BusinessCoalitionforClimateActionDoubles.EnvironmentalDefense.8May2007.EnvironmentalDefenseOrganization.24May2007.Clinton,Bill.Interview.NewYorkTimesontheWeb.May2007.25May2007.Keyword:Climate.Leroux,Marcel.GlobalWarming:MythOrReality?:TheErringWaysofClimatology.NewYork:Springer,2005.Nordhaus,WilliamD.AfterKyoto:AlternativeMechanismstoControlGlobalWarming.AmericanEconomicReview96.2(2006):31-34.-.GlobalWarmingEconomics.Science9Nov.2001:1283-84.24May2007.Shulte,Bret.PuttingaPriceonPollution;Climatechangelawsseeminevitable,buttheireconomicimpactisunknown.USNewshowever,markersforWebsourcesarefollowedbythedateofaccess.NewAbbreviations.Manywebsourceentriesnowrequireapublishername,adateofpublication,and/orpagenumbers.Whennopublishernameappearsonthewebsite,writeN.p.fornopublishergiven.Whensitesomitadateofpublication,writen.d.fornodate.Foronlinejournalsthatappearonlyonline(noprintversion)orondatabasesthatdonotprovidepagination,writen.pag.fornopagination.,MLA2009SampleEntries,BeforetheMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers(7thedition)arrives,refertothefollowingpreview.Eachentryhighlightschangesinthenewedition.BookBookcitationsremainlargelythesameexceptfortheadditionofthemediumofpublication,Print,attheendoftheentry.Carr,Johnle.TheTailorofPanama.NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,1996.Print.ScholarlyPublication(Journal)Regardlessofpagination,allscholarlypublicationcitationsincludebothvolumeandissuenumbers.Endcitationswiththemediumofpublication,Print.Aldrich,FrederickA.andMargueritteL.Marks.“WymanReedGreen,AmericanBiologist.”Bios23.1(1952):26-35.Print.,OnlinePeriodicalOnlineperiodicalsincludeboththenameofthewebsiteinitalicsandthewebsitepublisher.Notethatsomesiteswillhavedifferentnamesthantheirprintformats,.Ifnopublisherislisted,useN.p.todenotenopublishernamegiven.Followwithdateofpublication,Webasmediumofpublication,anddateofaccess.Lubell,Sam.“OftheSeaandAirandSky.”NewYorkTimes.NewYorkTimes,26Nov.2008.Web.1Dec.2008.Cohen,Elizabeth.“FiveWaystoAvoidGermsWhileTraveling.”CNN.com.CNN,27Nov.2008.Web.28Nov.2008.,MLATablesandFigures,Labels,Captions,andSourceInformation,Eachillustrationmustinclude,alabel,anumber,acaptionand/orsourceinformation.Theillustrationlabelandnumbershouldalwaysappearintwoplaces:thedocumentmaintextandneartheillustrationitself.Captionsprovidetitlesorexplanatorynotes.Sourceinformationdocumentationwillalwaysdependuponthemediumofthesourceillustration.Ifyouprovidesourceinformationwithallofyourillustrations,youdonotneedtoprovidethisinformationontheWorksCitedpage.,MLADocumentationforTables,Refertothetableanditscorrespondingnumeralin-text.Donotcapitalizethewordtable.Thisistypicallydoneinparentheses(e.g.(seetable2).Situatethetablenearthetexttowhichitrelates.Alignthetableflush-lefttothemargin.LabelthetableTableandprovideitscorrespondingArabicnumeral.Nopunctuationisnecessaryafterthelabelandnumber.Onthenextline,provideacaptionforthetable,mostoftenthetabletitle.Usestandardcapitalizationrules.Placethetablebelowthecaption,flush-left,makingsuretomaintainbasicMLAstyleformatting(e.g.one-inchmargins).Belowthetitle,signalthesourceinformationwiththedescriptorSource,followedbyacolon,thenprovidethecorrectMLAbibliographicinformationforthesourceinnoteform(seeinstructionsandexamplesabove).Useahangingindentforlinesafterthefirst.Ifyouprovidesourceinformationwithyourillustrations,youdonotneedtoprovidethisinformationontheWorksCitedpage.Labels,captions,andnotesaredouble-spaced.,TableExample,In-textreference:In1985,womenaged65andolderwere59%morelikelythanmenofthesameofagetoresideinanursinghome,andthough11,700lesswomenofthatagegroupwereenrolledin1999,menoverthesametimeperiodrangedfrom30,000to39,000personswhilewomenaccountedfor49,00to61,500(seetable1).,Table1RateofNursingHomeResidenceAmongPeopleAge65orOlder,bySexandAgeGroup,1985,1995,1997,1999,TableReference:,MLADocumentationforFigures,Allvisuals/illustrationsthatarenottablesormusicalscoreexamples(e.g.maps,diagrams,charts,videos,etc.)arelab