The_Origins_of_British_Nation英美概况_英国历史发展(1).ppt

ChapterIITheOriginsofaNation,TheOriginsofaNation,EarlySettlement(55BC)RomanBritain(55BC410)Anglo-SaxonTimes(446-871)TheDanishInvasion(10161042)TheNormanConquest(1066),EarlySettlement(55BC),Iberians（伊比利亚人）thefirstimmigrantstoBritainwhocamefromInberianPeninsular(伊比利亚半岛)about5,000agoSettlement：SalisburyPlain(索尔兹伯里平原)Culture:Neolithicculture(新石器文化)Evidenceoftheirexistence:,atheStonehenge(巨石阵)bthelongbarrow(兽穴)cunwarlike,theStonehenge(巨石阵),Iberiansleftnowrittenrecordsandtheonlyrelicsthatgaveevidenceoftheirexistencewerethestonemonuments,thebiggestofwhichwastheStonehenge,builtbytheIberiansabout3,500ago,onSalisburyPlain(索尔兹伯里平原)inthesouthwestofEngland.,thelongbarrow(兽穴),MoredirectevidenceofthesocialstructureoftheIberiansisthelongbarrow.Oftenover200feetinlength,thesebarrowswereburialplacesandprovetheexistenceofsharplymarkedclassdivisions.,EarlySettlement(55BC),Celts(凯尔特人)Place:UpperRhineLand(莱茵河畔)ofnorthwestEuropeTime:700BCThreewavesofCelticinvaders：aTheGaels(盖尔人)，whoselanguageisstillspokeninScotland.bBrythons(布立吞人)cameanddrovetheGaelstothenorthandwestfrom500BC.TheBrythonscametheEnglishnameforBritain.cBelage(比利奇人),100BC,occupiedthegreaterofwhatareknownastheHomeCounties(英国伦敦周围诸郡).TheCeltsaregreathuntersaswellasgoodfarmersTheCeltsarebelievedancestorsofHighlandScots,theIrishandWelshpeople,RomanBritain(55BC410)罗马不列颠时期,BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Between55and54BCJuliusCaesar(尤利乌斯凯撒)invadedBritaintwice,buthemadenoattempttoconquertheisland.96yearslater.43AD,theRomanEmperorClaudius(克劳狄一世)invadedBritain,andtheterritorysouthoftheHumber(亨伯河)andeastoftheSevern(赛汶河)wasannexedtotheRomanEmpire(罗马帝国).Welsh(威尔士人)resistancehadcollapsedby77AD;theScotsfrequentlyrevoltedagainsttheRomans.,RomanBritain(55BC410)罗马不列颠时期,In122126AD,inordertokeepbacktheScots,theRomansbuiltawallofdefense,calledHadriansWall(哈德良长城).,RomanBritain(55BC410)罗马不列颠时期,TheRoamanoccupationofBritainlastednearly400yearsfromAD43to407.TheybroughtChristianity(基督教)toEngland.RomansbuiltroadsacrossBritain.ScoresoftownsgrewupalongtheRomanroads.RomanorBritishmagnateslivedinthevillas,whichwerethecentersofagriculturalestates(农业区).ThelivesofallthepeoplewereshapedtotheRomanstyle.Bythebeginningofthe5thcentury,theRomangovernmentwithdrewalltheirarmedforcesfromBritain.Britain,forthefirsttimeforseveralceturies,wastotallyisolatedfromEurope.,RomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritannia,Romanlaws,taxes,engineeringskillsArchitecture(建筑学)RomansocialsystemTheLatinLanguageSystemofwritingandnumberingIntroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownsBroughtthenewreligionChristianity(基督教)toBritain,RomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritannia,Romancivilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads.Romantowns:London,York,Bathbaths,temples,amphitheatres(竞技场),Romanaqueducts(高架渠)Romanroads:morethan5000roads,anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetowns,Romantown:Bath,BathAbbey巴斯教堂,Romanamphitheatre罗马竞技场,Romanaqueduct罗马水道桥,RomanRoad,ReasonsforlimitedRomaninfluenceTheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Neverduringthe4thcenturydidtheRomanandBritonsintermarry.TheromanhadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.,Anglo-SaxonTimes(446-871)盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,Backgroundinthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglesthreeGermanictribesfromnowDenmarkandnorthernGermanylandedinthesouthernpartofEngland,thecountyofKentgradualcontrolofthecountryfrom450to600,Heptarchy(七国时代),TheAngles,SaxonsandJutessetupmanykingdomsthroughtthecountry.AtonetimethereweresevenkingdomswhichwerecalledHeptarchyinhistory.Sevenkingdoms:Northumbria(诺森布里亚),Kent(肯特),Mercia(麦西亚),EastAngila(东安格利亚),Essex(埃塞克斯),Sussex(萨塞克斯),Wessex(威塞克斯).Theywereconstantlyatwarwithoneanotherformorethan200years.In829Wessexbecamethedominantkingdom,Egbert(埃格伯特),theKingofWessex,begantostylehimselfas“KingoftheEnglish”.,FromtheAngloSaxonsconquerorscomethenamesofEnglandandEnglish.England(Angla-land)meansthelandoftheAnglo-Saxons,theyweremostlyfreemen,althoughtheyhadtheconqueredCeltsasslaves.Privateownershiphadcomeintoexistence.,TheFoundationstheAnglo-SaxonsLaidfortheEnglishState,Dividedthecountryintoshireswithshirecourts(郡法庭)andshirereeves(郡法官)responsibleforadministeringlaws把国家划分为郡郡法庭和郡法官负责执法Devisedthenarrow-stripthree-fieldfarmingsystemwhichcontinueduntiltheagriculturalrevolutioninthe18thC设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪,TheFoundationstheAnglo-SaxonsLaidfortheEnglishState,Establishedmanorialsystem庄园制Thelordofthemanorcollectedtaxesandorganizedthelocalarmy.CreatedWitan(councilormeetingofthewiseman),thebasisofthePrivyCouncil(枢密院)创立了议会，向国王提供建议成为了当今的枢密院的基础,TheFoundationstheAnglo-SaxonsLaidfortheEnglishState,5.Broughtalongtheirlanguage:OldEnglish,thelanguageoftheAngles6.TheRomanCatholicChurch(罗马天主教会)wasintroducedintoEnglandatthisperiod.,TheDanishInvasion(10161042)丹麦人入侵,TheNorwegianVikings(维京人，北欧海盗)TheDanes(丹麦人)fromDenmarkattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcenturyestablishedsmallkingdomsinnorthandeastofEngland,Thefirstinvasion,TheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.Theywereone-timeneighborsoftheAnglo-Saxontribesonthecontinent,andrelatedtotheminlanguageandblood.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Bythemiddleof9thcentury,thevikingandDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.finallytheyseizedthethrone,EnglandwasruledbyDanishKings.,VikingandDanishinvasions,5,TheWarriorofVikings,6,7,TheVikingsCastle,AlfredtheGreat(849-899),akingofWessex(威塞克斯)oneoftheearliestandmostimportantkingswhosuccessfullyfoughtagainsttheVikingsdefeatedtheDanesreachedafriendlyagreementwithDanesin879theDanesgainedthecontrolofthenorthandeastofEnglandAlfredruledtherest,TheDanishInvasion(10161042)丹麦人入侵,KingAlfredandHisContributions,foundedastrongfleet,knownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”protectedthecoastsandencouragedtradereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficienttranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglishestablishedschoolsandbroughtinlearnedchurchmenfromRometoteachLatincultureformulatedalegalsystembegantheAnglo-SaxonChronicle(撒克逊编年史),thefirsthistoricalrecordcomposedinEnglishAllthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat.”,10,AlfredencouragedthetranslationofbooksfromLatinintoAnglo-Saxon.AlfredinspiredthebeginningoftheAnglo-SaxonChronicleHeactivelypromotededucationHepromotedareformofthemonasteries.Hedirectedacodificationofthelaw.,TheNormanConquest诺曼征服(1066,thelastinvader),TheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliamcamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedasKingofEngland.ItwascalledtheNormanConquest.WilliamtheConqueror(威廉一世)ruledEnglandwithahighhand.Throughmanymeans,hepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism.TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland(英国封建制度建立).,ThereasonswhyWilliamconqueredBritain,itwassaidthatKingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasKing.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.In1066,duringtheimportantbattleOfHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandthusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.,TheNormanConquest,TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgavetohisNormanfollowers.HereplacestheweakSaxonwithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland,TheNormanConquest诺曼征服(1066,thelastinvader),theconsequenceoftheNormanConquestPolitically,afeudalistsystemwasestablishedinEngland.Religiously,CatholicChurch(天主教)hadastrongercontroloverthecountry.Greatchangestookplaceinlanguages:aftertheconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland.TheNormansspokeFrench,thelowerclassspokeEnglish,andthescholarsandclergymen(教士)usedLatin.,TheNormanConquest诺曼征服(1066,thelastinvader),TheNormanConquestwasoneofthemostdecisiveeventsinEnglishhistory.IttiedEnglandscivilizationcloselytothatofcontinentalEurope;thisfactordeterminedthewholecourseoffutureEnglishhistoryanddevelopment.InfluencesAnewera:MiddleAges(1066-1485)inEngland;Anewsystem:feudalisminEngland(英国封建制度)Counties&courtsThecompilingoftheDomesdayBook(末日审判书),thegreatestachievementofWilliamsreign.Frenchcultureandlanguage,I.WhoAretheBritish?,Arethereany“native”residentsinBritain?,Fourregionalidentities,TheScotsTheWelshTheIrishTheEnglish,TheScots,Twoparts:highlandsandlowlandsBeingproud,independent,hardy,livingbyfarmingorfishing.,TheScots,LowlandersLiveintheindustrializedurbanareas.Byandlarge,theScotshaveareputationforbeinginventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney,TheWelsh,UnitedwithEnglandsinceThe1535ActofUnionNationalcharacteristics:1)veryconsciousoftheirseparateCelticheritage,culturalprideisverystrong2)famousfortheirloveofmusicandpoetry:BardcrownedatNationalRugbyfootball,singing,TheEnglish,NofixedstereotypecouldbetrueTraditionally,Englishmanisthoughttobereserved,unemotional,shyofstrangers,solid,ahighsenseofhonesty,dutyandjusticeconsciousofthesocialorder.,Exercises,1.Soonafter700BCtheCeltsfrom_ofNorthwestEuropecametosettleontheIsles.ThefirstnamewaveofCelticinvaderswasthe_,whoselanguageisspokeninScotland.Fromabout500BCanothergroupoftheCeltscalled_came.,Exercises,1.Soonafter700BCtheCeltsfromUpperRhineLandofNorthwestEuropecametosettleontheIsles.ThefirstnamewaveofCelticinvaderswastheGaels,whoselanguageisspokeninScotland.Fromabout500BCanothergroupoftheCeltscalledBrythonscame.,2.TheRomanoccupationofBritainlastednearly_years.Theybrought_toEngland,andtheirdevelopmentofthecountryhelpedthisregiontospread.3.Edward,thesonofEthelredtheUnready,wasthenputuponthethronein_.EdwardwaspiousChristianandretainedapositioninhistorybuilding_inwhichhewaslaterburied.,2.TheRomanoccupationofBritainlastednearly400years.TheybroughtChristianitytoEngland,and