单机游戏运行常见问题

,Speakersandtopics,HiltonJ.Klein,M.S.,V.M.D.OverviewandintroductionKathrynA.L.Bayne,M.S.,Ph.D.,D.V.M.ReviewofcommonlycitedfacilityproblemsJamesF.Taylor,D.V.M.,M.S.Designoffacilities-theAAALACperspectiveStephenT.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.Performancestandardsandfacilitydesignandoperation,HiltonJ.Klein,M.S.,V.M.D.Overviewandintroduction,Whatisaprogram?,Risingcostsofresearchandresearchtrends,RapidlyincreasingREurope,Flexibilityandadaptability(Contd),FutureRegulationofrats,mice,birds-space?OperationalissuesEnergyMaintenanceNewtechnologiesTransgenicsandnewspeciesGenomicsandproteomicsOtherdriversforthewayanimalsareusedSocial,Facilitiesoperationanddesign,ScientificprogramsLaboratoryanimalsVeterinariansEngineersCommunity,Buildingconsiderations,ResearchobjectivesNewconstructionRenovationFlexibilityandadaptabilityUtilitiesuseAdjacenciesOperationalcosts,Operationanddesigntools(Someexamples),Informationsharing-networkComputeraideddesignComputationalfluiddynamics,Informationandmanagement,AnIntegratedDatabaseforManagingAnimalStudyProposalsandAnimalInventoryfortheSmallAnimalFacility.T.Calzone,J.S.Montijo,M.B.St.Claire,andE.Lamoreaux.2001.LabAnimal30(2):28-31.AComprehensive,BarCodedSystemfortheManagementofAnimalInformationinaResearchFacility.C.Pryor,D.Frankenfield,H.Klein,W.Terpeluk,S.Washington,N.T.Mourad.2001.LabAnimal30(2):36-38.SoftwareforLabAnimalFacilities.G.NovakandT.Schub.2001LabAnimal30(2):39-43.,Conclusion:renovationsorconstructionwillrequiresystemsforinformationmanagementaccessandretrievalforeffectivecolonyandfacilitymanagement.,Designandoperationalconsiderations,QualificationPerformancestandardsapproachFactoryacceptancetesting(FAT)DirtycagesetupMicrobiologytestsPhysicaltestingInstallationqualification(IQ)Operationalqualification(OQ),Performancestandards,Performancestandardsdefineanoutcomeindetailandprovidecriteriaforassessingthatoutcome,butdonotlimitthemethodsbywhichtoachievethatoutcome.,Standardsused,GuidefortheCareandUseofLaboratoryAnimals(NRC1996)EEC86/609CoEConventionNationallegislationReferenceresources(“AgGuide,”AVMAPanelonEuthanasia,etc.),HagerHauler,Summaryandconclusions,Asdemandforanimalspacechanges,wemustdesign,construct,andoperatefacilitiesinaflexibleandadaptablemanner.TheuseofRresearchstaffMaintenance/servicestaff;VisitorsAccesstosupportspaces(offices,training)Horizontalversusverticalconstruction,Facilityintegrityconsiderations,SeismicVibrationExternalwater-verticaltrenchvs.surfaceObviouslyshouldbelowpointofroomCapdrainsininfrequentlyusedroomsConsiderinstalledbutcappedascontingency,Ventilationcharacteristics,ComputationalfluiddynamicsAirsupplydiffusersExhaustgrilles-numberandlocationRoomexhaustfilterstoprotectHVACPressuredifferentialsStabilityoftempandRHcontrol,Floors,ChemicalandwearresistanceLifecyclecost-maintenanceburdenEpoxy,seamlessvinyl,MMA,terrazzo,tileSurfacepreparationandcuretimes!ProvidecontinuouscoveInstallerexpertiseisparamount,Walls,Structuralrequirements(cagingsystems)Space(andrenovation)costsofCMUversusRFPNoisecontrolLifecyclecost-maintenanceburdenEpoxy,tile,RFPSurfacepreparationandcuretimes!,Ceilings,BottomofflooraboveorsuspendedAccessrequirementSanitizabilityIntegrityimpactuponpestcontrolprogram,Wallguards-bumpersDoorjambguardsCornerguardsInteriorcurbs,Fitandfinishprotection,Criticaldimensions,Doorheightsandwidths(netclearances)Cagewashequipmentchamber(Hsurgery/ICUareasAnimalholding;outletsforequipmentPerimeterandinternalsecurityAssuresufficientdistribution,placementandnumberofoutlets,Illumination,DuallightlevelsFixtureplacementrelativetorackpositionstomaximizecagelevelilluminationLight-cycleautomationminimizesinadvertentlightingerrors,Cagewash,ConsiderautomationforlargefacilitiesConsiderequipmentthroughputcapacitiesversusmanpowercostsSolidwastemanagement-soiledbeddingErgonomicsofcagewashtasksdeserveprioritytreatmentPersonnelsafetyandcomfortdeservepriorityconsiderationAssureadequatespacearoundmachinesformaintenanceandrepair!,Criticalelementsforsuccess,DefinewhatthefacilityneedstoaccomplishProvideflexibilitytoaccommodatefutureneedsKnowledgeableusersandA&E/plannersPlan,program,design,andconstructDefinedecisionmakingmatrixConsideroperationalandlife-cyclecostsReview,review,review!ConstantlyfocusonAchillesheelsIncludecommissioning/validation,StephenT.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.Performancestandardsandfacilitydesignandoperation,AAALACI/resources,Examplesofreferenceswhichaddressfacilitydesignandoperation,GuidefortheCareandUseofLaboratoryAnimals,1996,NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademyofSciences.AnimalWelfareAct-9CFRChapter1,SubchapterA,AnimalWelfare.Biosafetyinmicrobiologicalandbiomedicallaboratories,4thEd.,1999,HHSPublicationNo.(CDC)93-8395.,References(Continued),OccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseofResearchAnimals,1997.NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademyofSciences.GuidefortheCareandUseofAgriculturalAnimalsinAgriculturalResearchandTeaching,FederationofAnimalScienceSocieties,FirstRevisedEdition,January1999.,References(Continued),GuidetotheCareandUseofExperimentalAnimals,CanadianCouncilonAnimalCare.Vol.1,1993.GuidetotheCareandUseofExperimentalAnimals.CanadianCouncilonAnimalCare.Vol.1,1993.,References(Continued),EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofVertebrateAnimalsUsedforExperimentalandOtherScientificPurposes.CouncilofEurope(ConventionETS123),1985.CouncilDirectiveontheApproximationofLaws,RegulationsandAdministrativeProvisionsoftheMemberStatesRegardingtheProtectionofAnimalsUsedforExperimentalandOtherScientificPurposes.EuropeanUnion(Directive86/609/EEC),1986.,Evaluationcriteria,Performancevs.engineering,Evaluationresponsibility,InstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommitteeFacilitymanagementEngineering,Operationalconsiderations,SizeoftheprogramNatureofanimaluseSpeciesFlexibilityrequirementsGeographicallocation&environmentFacilitytypeandconstruction,Facilitylocationandtrafficpatterns,Security,PublicaccessSignsLocksandothermeasures,Traffic-reducepotentialforcontamination,Personnelareas,Clerical/officeareasRestrooms/lockerroomsEatingareas,Animalspecies,SpeciesrequirementsMicrobiologicalstatusContainment,Supportfunctions,SurgeryDedicated?ProcedureNecropsyCageWashReceivingLaboratories,Maintenance,IdentificationofdeficienciesPrioritizationofrepairConductingrepairsDocumentationofthemaintenanceprogram,Surfaces,Walls,ceilings,floorsFrequencySpaceMaterialsandmethods,Heatingventilationandairconditioning,MonitoringPersonnelManual/automaticTemperature&humidityAirflowdirectionEvidenceofanimalabnormalitiesFrequencyMaintenanceOperationalaspects,HeatingventilationandairconditioningSpecialrequirements,BiosafetyandfumehoodmaintenanceandcertificationNecropsyInhalantanesthetics,Plumbing,MonitoringDrinkingwatersystemsSanitationwatersystemsDrains,Illumination,Lighttimers(timeroverrides)LightintensityNaturallightObservationalconditions,Noise,AnimalissuesPersonnelsafetyissuesOperationalissues,Storagefacilities,AdequacyAppropriateforuseorseparationFoodBeddingCleancagesChemicals,Sanitationfacilities,PreventcrosscontaminationControlaerosols-personnelprotectionMonitoringeffectivenessMaintenanceUseofvacuumsUseofchemicals,Standardoperatingproceduresandtraining,Thekeyelementnecessarytoassurehighlevelsofperformancestandards:Welltrainedanddedicatedpersonnel,Casestudies,CaseStudy#1HVAC,ObservationSitevisitorsconductedasitevisitatarespected,smallresearchinstituteconductinginfectiousdiseasestudiesinvolvingBiosafetyLevel2agents.Therewereatotalofsix(6)animalroomshousingeitherratsormice.TheHVACreportbelowwasprovidedasanattachmenttotheprogramdescription.,Followup,Allroomsweresanitizedatweeklyintervalsbywet-moppingthefloorandwipingthewallsdownwithanappropriatemildquaternaryammoniumdisinfectant.Cagesweresanitizedappropriatelytwiceweekly.Beddingwasalsochangedonceinahoodbetweencagesanitationcycles.Uponenteringtherooms,sitevisitorsobservedthefollowingcageandstockingdensities,Followup,Room1101rats-4plasticcages(2/box)Room1202rats-8plasticcages(2/box)Room1303mice-15plasticcages(3/box),Room1404mice-12plasticcages(2/box)Room1505mice-10plasticcages(4/box)Room1606rats-8shoeboxcages(2/box),Suggestionforimprovement,CaseStudy#2Elevatoraccess,ObservationAsitevisittoalargeuniversitybiomedicalresearchprogramindicatedthatasmallcolony(n=25adults)ofmacaqueswashousedinthetopfloorofa“satellite”building.Theresearchinvolvedbehavioraltestingandbrainimagingwhichwasconductedinseparatelaboratorieswithinthesamebuilding.Thebehavioraltestlabandtheimaginglabwereaccessibleonlybyanelevatorwhichwasalsousedtotransportnon-laboratorypersonnel.Cagewashingfacilitieswerelocatedinthebasementofthebuilding.,Findings,ThemacaqueswerespecificpathogenfreeandwereknowntobeCHV-1(Herpes“B”virus)negativebyELISAandWesternBlot.CageswerecoveredbyTyvekshroudsfortransporttoandfromcagewash.Soiledcagesweresprayedwithpovidine-iodinesolutionpriortotransporttothecagewasharea.Elevatorswere“lockedout”topersonnelwhentransporttoandfromthelabswasperformedandtheelevatorsweresanitizedafteruse.Reviewofdocumentsrevealednoproblems.,Suggestionsforimprovement,Suggestasecurityreviewtoassurethepotentialforescapedanimalsisminimizedintheelevator,thebehavioraltestinglab,andtheimaginglab.SuggestthelabsbeevaluatedforwearingadequatePPEandwhetherhumanpatientswereimagedintheimaginglab,aswellasanyhealthriskstopersonnelandpatients.,CaseStudy#3After-hoursmonitoring,UponcarefulreviewofthewrittenProgramDescription,sitevisitorsconcludedthatafter-hoursmonitoringoftheanimalroomsina45yearoldanimalfacilityconsistedof:a)recordingthehigh-lowtemperaturereadingsintheroomonalogsheetbytheanimalcaretaker,andb)thesecurityguardmakingroundstoensurethecorridorandhallwaydoorsareclosed.Thisprocesswasconfirmedduringthesitevisit.more,CaseStudy#3After-hoursmonitoring(contd),Additionalbackgroundinformationrevea