Language-and-Culture解析.ppt

LanguageChineseDream,summary,Language,culture,1、Expressesandembodies2、reflectsandaffectsacultureswayofthinkingandhelpsperpetuateandchangethecultureanditsinfluence,1、isencodedandtransmittedinthelanguage2、facilitatesthedevelopmentoflanguage,.cultureisawidersystemwhichincludeslanguageasasubsystem.,Sapir-WhorfHypothesis/Whorfianism(SWH),萨丕尔沃尔夫假说EdwardSpairandBenjaminWhorfLinguisticrelativity(语言相对性)thestructureofalanguageaffectsthewaysinwhichitsspeakersconceptualizetheirworld,i.e.theirworldview,orotherwiseinfluencetheircognitiveprocesses.SWH：theinterdependenceoflanguage婢女;穿针婆;内人;那一口子;贱内,拙荆;当家的;半边天;爱人;太太;夫人)我(status,occuption,ageanddialect),Gratitudeandcompliments感激语和称赞语,Franknessv.smodesty-Youaresobeautiful.-thankyouverymuch.(English)-No,notatall./Itsnothing.(Chinese),Colorwords,Differentlanguagesmayhavedifferentdivisionsofcolor.,Differentlanguagesprovidedifferentcolorrelatedassociations.,2colorterms,3colorterms,Othercolorterms,DarkLight,BlackWhite,BlackWhiteRed,YellowgreenBluebrown,PinkOrangePurple,Green:Envy/Jealousy(E)greenwithenvy=green-eyesGreenborn,Blue:Semantic/unhappyblueismyloveHeisinabluemoodHighsocialposition/beingaristocraticBlueblood,语言具有普遍性的理论。认知科学强调人类认知的共性，这跟语言相对论恰好针锋相对。强调人类认知的基础是人的遗传天赋。常举的一个例子是颜色词的研究。从表面上看各种语言的颜色词各不相同，但Berlin和Kay的研究（1969）发现它们有共性。任何语言至少都有两个颜色词（白和黑），新几内亚高地语只有“白”和“黑”两个颜色词。英语有11个颜色词。有右边的颜色词，就必有其左边的颜色词。这就是语言的共性，并且认知语言学家认为这种共性是有生理基础的，那就是白色跟黑色具有最强的聚焦性，因为眼睛对这两种光频最敏感。杨永林，色彩语码研究-进化论与相对论之争，外语教学与研究2000年第3期，第190-195页。,2020/5/12,RoundingoffNumbers数字处理,岁？,Ageacquisition,European:inchinayouare1yearoldwhenyouareborn.,Misunderstandingresultedfrom“sui”and“yearsold”,Yearsold,Chinese:“sui”isnotexactlythenumberofyearsduringallorpartofwhichonehasbeenalive.,Sui,Notexactlyequivalent,?,Culture-loadedwords,烫手的山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友meatandpotatoes，Meatanddrinktosomeonesweetsmile(甜甜的笑容),sweetgirl(甜美的女孩),sweetnothings(甜言蜜语)麻辣烫Threehots,cultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphors谚语、习语和隐喻,Differentlivingenvironments,socialconventionsandliteraturetraditionIdiomsandproverbsE.g:InEnglishInChinese(I)aluckydog狗腿子acleverdog走狗putondog猪狗不如(P)Everydoghashisday.黄狗头上出角Loveme,lovemydog.癞皮狗上轿Giveadoganillnameandhanghim.狗掀门帘,culturaldifferences,metaphorsAngergethotunderthecollarlooseonescool,Chinese:angerissteam气破了肚皮气死我了气的面红耳赤,English:angerisheat,Similarity:angerisfire,Dog“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”;Youarealuckydog;EverydoghashisdayOlddogwillmotlearnnewtrickssickasadog，dog-tired.CatDragon,ADearJohnLetterDearJohn,oh,howIhatetowrite!DearJohn,ImustletyouknowtonightThatmyloveforyouhasdiedawayLikegrassuponthelawn,AndtonightIwedanotherDearJohn.,2020/5/12,2020/5/12,Culturecontact,Culturaloverlap&diffusion文化联系文化重叠文化扩散,Contactsbetweenpeopleswithdifferentculturesusuallyleadtochangeinoneorbothsystems.AcculturationAssimilationAmalgamation,2020/5/12,Acculturation文化适应,Theprocessofchanginginmaterialculture,traditionalpractices,andbeliefsthatoccurwhenonegroupsculturalsysteminterfereswiththatofanother,directlyorindirectlychallengingthelattertoadapttothewaysoftheformer.Suchchangeshascharacterizedmostpoliticalconquestsandexpansionsoverthecenturies,whichaccountsforborrowingofmanyFrenchwordsinEnglishforinstance.,2020/5/12,Assimilation,Aprocesswherebyindividualsorgroupsofdifferingethnicityareabsorbedintothedominantcultureofasocietythoughnotalwayscompletely.Themeltingpot.,2020/5/12,Amalgamation文化融合,Amalgamation(hybridization)occurswhenasocietybecomesethnicallymixedinawaythatrepresentsasynthesisratherthantheeliminationorabsorptionofonegroupbyanother.InMexico,forexample,SpanishandIndianculturesbecomeincreasinglyamalgamatedovercenturiesofcontact.,2020/5/12,Cultureoverlap,Cultureoverlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings.Forexample,thesuperiortendstorefertohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshiptermssuchas:Havedaddy/mummy/teachertoldyouthat?,2020/5/12,Culturaldiffusion,Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB.loanwords.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish:肥皂剧,卡通,苹果派,耐克,巴士,因特网KTV,Email,IT,typhoon,gongfu,etc.,2020/5/12,Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion,CulturalimperialismowingtolinguisticimperialismLinguisticimperialismLinguisticnationalism语言学中的民族主义。民族语中自豪感。,2020/5/12,Thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning,Learningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguagesculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguagetoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.,2020/5/12,Intercultureorcross-culturecommunicationcommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures(theirculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent)Incross-culturecommunication,weneedtopayspecialattentiontothesignificantdifferencesregardingsocialrelationsandconceptofuniversefromdifferentperspectivessuchaslanguage,food,dress,attitudetowar