高中英语语法 - 构词法

高中英语语法之构词法,PersonalInformation,Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。ThomasEdison,WordFormation,构词法,合成法,派生法,缩略法,概念：合成法指由两个或两个以上的单词合成新词。,.合成法(Compounding),1.合成名词(Nouncompounds)n.+n.=n.spaceshipclassroomgirlfriendmooncakepostmanchairmanhip-hop街舞adj.+n.=n.blackboardwhiteboardgreenhousesuperstar,v-ing+n.=n.runningwaterdiningroomdrinkingwaterreadingroomn.+v-ing=n.handwritinghorseriding2.合成形容词(Adjectivecompounds)warm-heartedcold-bloodedpart-timebroad-mindedman-madehandmadegood-looking,3.合成介词(Prepositioncompounds)outsideinsidewithinwithout4.合成副词(Adverbcompounds)sometimesoverheaddownstairsnearby5.合成动词(Verbcompounds)underlinemoonwalkoverworkoverhearovercomechain-smokenicknamemass-produce,6.合成代词(Pronouncompounds),.派生法(Affixation),概念：派生法又叫词缀法，是给一个单词加上前缀或后缀而构成新的单词。,1.前缀法（Prefixation）一般来说前缀不会改变一个词的词性。否定前缀un+adj.unhappyunknownunusualuntrueunimportantunableunkind,un+adv.unusuallyunexpectedlyunhappilyundoubtedlyun+v.uncoveruntieunlockim+adj.impossibleimpoliteimpatientin+adj.incorrectincompleteinvisibleir+adj.irregularirreplaceable,mis+v.mistakemisunderstanddis+v.dislikedisagreedisappeardis+adj.dishonestdiscouraged泄气的表示空间位置关系的前缀a-表示在之上；处于的状态ahead在头顶上abroadaside在外边,fore-在前面foreheadforearmin-,il-,im,向内，在内insideincludeimportout-向外outsideoutdoorsoutlook观点，见解over-在上面的，在外的overheadovercoatovercomepre-在之前prewarprepay,under-在之下undergroundunderlineup-向上upwardupstairstele-远telephonetelevision(3)表示时间序列关系的前缀fore-在前，预先forewordforetellforesight,mid-中间midnightmidautumnmidsummerpost-在之后postwarpostliberationre-重复retellrebuildreplacerewriteover-超过overeatoverpasssuper-极，超supermarketsupermansuperstar,(4)一些表示特殊意义的前缀auto-自动automobileautobicyclemicro-微小microscopemicrocomputerbi-数量biweeklybimonthlymini-小型minibusminiskirtminimarketen-使enrichenlargeenable,2.后缀(Suffixation)概念：在词的词尾加上一个词缀构成新的单词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。表示“的人”的后缀-er的人v.+erreaderworkerreporterleaderwaiterdesignerpaintern.+ervillagerprisonerfarmeradj.+er,westernereasternersouthernernortherner-or的人actorgovernorvisitor-ress表示女性，雌性actresswaitress-ese人ChineseJapanese-an人AmericanAustralianCanadian,-ist家，者artistnovelistviolinistpianist(2)构成抽象名词集合名词的后缀v.+mentmovementgovernmentjudgmentv.+ion/sion/tion/ationactionpronunciationinvitationdecisionvisionintentionn.+shipfriendshipmembershiprelationship,leadershipadj.+nesskindnessillnesshappiness形容词的后缀-able/ibleenjoyablehorribleterrible-alnaturalinternational-fulcarefulhopefulhelpfulusefulsuccessful,-lesscarelesshopelessuselesshomeless-lyfriendlymonthlylonely-ycloudyluckyhillyhealthynoisy-ous/iousdangerousserious-edexcitedshockedfrightenedinterested,-ingsurprisingexcitinginterestingshocking副词的后缀-lysuddenlyquicklyslowlycertainlynearlysuccessfully-ward/wardsbackwardsforwardsdownwardsupwardsnorthwardsouthwardeastwardwestward动词的后缀,adj./n.+endeependarkensharpen数词的后缀-teenthirteenfifteennineteenfourteen-tytwentythirtyfiftyninety-theleventhtwelfthfourtheighthninthhundredththousandth,概念：缩略法缩短原有词汇使读音和写法呈现新的形式。1.剪切法(Clipping)剪切词头(Frontclipping)airplanetelephonetaxicab剪切词尾(Backclipping)examinationphotograph,.缩略法(Acronymy),plane,phone,cab,exam,photo,advertisement2.混成法(Blending)breakfast+lunch=brunch早晨和中午之间的饭smoke+fog=smog烟雾work+welfare=workfare工作福利medical+care=medicare医疗保险3.首字母缩略（Initialisms）BBCUN,ad,BritishBroadcastingCorporation,UnitedNations,4.首字母缩写词（Acronyms）此种缩略法形成的词读成一个单词AIDS获得性免疫系统缺陷综合症（艾滋病）,VIPUFOICBCCCB,VeryImportantPerson,UnidentifiedFlyingObject,IndustrialandCommercialBan