美国文学第20章Post-War-Poetry.ppt

PostWarPoetry,Poetsofthe1940sGeneration,PostModernism,means“aftermodernity”.Itreferstotheincipientoractualdissolutionofthosesocialformsassociatedwithmodernity,PostModernism,Thepostmodernistcritiqueofscienceconsistsoftwointerrelatedarguments,epistemological(认识论的)andideological.Botharebasedonsubjectivity.First,becauseofthesubjectivityofthehumanobject,anthropology,accordingtotheepistemologicalargumentcannotbeascience;andinanyeventthesubjectivityofthehumansubjectprecludesthepossibilityofsciencediscoveringobjectivetruth.Second,sinceobjectivityisanillusion,scienceaccordingtotheideologicalargument,subverts(推翻)oppressedgroups,females,ethnics,third-worldpeoples.,Modern,overloadedindividuals,desperatelytryingtomaintainrootednessandintegrity.ultimatelyarepushedtothepointwherethereislittlereasonnottobelievethatallvalue-orientationsareequallywell-founded.Therefore,increasingly,choicebecomesmeaningless.Wemustnowcometotermswiththesecondrevolution,thatoftheTwentiethCentury,ofpostmodernity,whichistheimmenseprocessofthedestructionofmeaningequaltotheearlierdestructionofappearances.Whoeverlivesbymeaningdiesbymeaning.,Postmodernityconcentratesonthetensionsofdifferenceandsimilarityeruptingfromprocessesofglobalization:theacceleratingcirculationofpeople,theincreasinglydenseandfrequentcross-culturalinteractions,andtheunavoidableintersectionsoflocalandglobalknowledge.“Postmodernistsaresuspiciousofauthoritativedefinitionsandsingularnarrativesofanytrajectory(轨道)ofevents.”Post-modernattacksonethnography(人种学)arebasedonthebeliefthatthereisnotrueobjectivity.Theauthenticimplementationofthescientificmethodisimpossible.,Historicalevents,Memoriesofwarconcentrationcamp,hiroshoma,dresden(德累斯顿二战期间，德累斯顿成为了盟军重点轰炸的对象，被夷为平地）。coldwar,menaceofthenuclearwar,McCarthyism,CivilRight,(p.321)(p.320),Newpoetry,T.S.EliotThemodernistvalues(economy,wit,irony,impersonality，carefulform)wasabandoned.Theyoungergenerationwaslookingforsth.new.,Newtheme,Normallyportrayseverydayexperience,eventsandemotions.Itenvisionsmanasvulnerableandhelplessandatthemercyofoverwhelmingodds.Itacceptslifeforwhatitis,feelingresigned,painfullyawareofitsinabilitytocontrolandconstrainlife.Insteadoftryingtogiveshapeandsignificancetotheworld,thenewversetriestorepresentlifeasitiswithitsstrengthsandweakness,assomethinginconsistent,everchanging,andneverwhollyknowable.(p.324),featuresP.325,Oftenautobiographical,Tone:personalandemotionalintenseDictiondailyspeech,conversational,colloquial,discursiveandmeditativeMoodcasualandrelaxedPrivatenaturenoteasytoreadNewschoolsBeatGeneration,Blackmountain,theNewYorkSchoolDiversity,伊丽莎白毕肖普,ElizabethBishop(19111979),Lostherfatherwhen8monthsold,hermotherwassenttoamentalinstitution5yearsold“Sentina”六行诗“Oneart”一种艺术Fish鱼fillingstation加油站Over2000IllustrationsandaCompleteConcordance两千多幅图解及系统圣经检索,AresponsetoherpersonalexperiencethelostofherfatherTravelalotdescribehertravelingexperienceandobservationsMeetcelebrityofthetime,features,Postmodernistacceptanceoflifeforwhatitis,opennessinthemeandform(sketchybutsuggestiveeffect,revealstheauthorsmindopentoallkindsinterpretations,leavesthereaderswantingmore.,Materialportrayaloflife(abundanceofnakeddetails)Immaterialsuggestionaboutit(invitetorelishasubtlertaste),Nevertheorylives.Toherthephysical,ephemeralsetting,againstwhichweliveoutourlives,isimpersonal,amoral,non-judgmental,andthereisnothingwehumanscoulddoaboutitbutobserveitfaithfullyandacceptit.Poetryisopenbecauselifeisopen.Sheisopentolifesnumerous,unpredictablepossibilities.Lifeistoherforeverunfoldingandrelative,andsheallowsittoregisteritselfonhermindasitunravelsitself.,RichardWilbur(1921-),理查德威尔伯,“TheBeautifulChangesandOtherPoems”美好的变化及其他诗CeremonyandOtherPoems礼仪及其他诗ThingsofThisWorld”世事的诗歌Compliant知心人：新诗BonKeyandOtherPoems骨头钥匙及其他诗,PostmoderninspiritInthemeandformhesharestheconcernsofhiscontemporaries.Tohimtheworldisnotalwaysthebestpossibleforus,lifeisastruggle,oftendoomed.RevealthedisturbinganduglysideofrealityRealityisnotknowable,Artcanofferrelieffromthehumdrumlife,buttheescapeitoffersistemporary.Avowedfidelitytoreality.Tothedetailsoflifeandtheworld,nomatterhowinsignificantandlittletheymaylook,hisdevotionisunswerving.Heenjoyscontactwiththetruesightandsoundsoftheworld.,JohnBerryman(19141972),约翰贝里曼,ConfessionalpoetHisfatherssuicideHissuicideTheDreamSongs梦之歌LikeWhitmans“SongofMyself”,butnooptimismDarkness,disorder,oddness,fullofsufferingandpainHenry(themaincharacter)findslifeboring,angry,nolove(p.341),RandallJarrell(19141965),兰达尔贾勒尔HisparentsdivorcedInfluencedbyRansomTheWomanattheWashingtonZoo（华盛顿动物园的女人TheLostWorld失去的世界LittleFriend,LittleFriend小朋友，小朋友,Importantpoetandcriticpoetrypleasantandsympatheticintheme,personalandhonestintoneStyleplain,prosy,verbose（冗长的）,witty,deeplymoving,3phrasesinhispoeticcareerChildhooddesolation-warpoem-returntothethemeofhischildhoodlifeinaslightlyalteredfocus,JamesMerrill(19261995),詹姆斯梅里尔MeditativemodeHisparentsdivorceBrokenHomeChangingLightatSandover桑多弗变化的光(ThebookofEphraim伊夫雷姆书,Mirabell米拉贝尔,ScriptsforthePafeant神谕录)P.351p.354,Confessionalpoetry（自白派诗歌）,designatesatypeofnarrativeandlyricverse,givenimpetusbyRobertLowellsLifeStudies,whichdealswiththefactsandintimatementalandphysicalexperiencesofthepoetsownlife.ConfessionalpoetrywaswritteninrebellionagainstthedemandforimpersonalitybyT.S.ElliotandtheNewCriticism.TherepresentativewritersofconfessionalschoolincludeRobertLowell,AnneSextonandSylviaPlathandsoon.,TheConfessionalSchool(自白派）,Inabroadway,manypeoplewhosepoetryseemstosharecommonfeaturessuchasaruthless,excruciatingselfanalysisofonesbackgroundandheritage,onesownmostprivatedesiresandfantasies,andtheurgent“Ill-tell-it-toyou”.,Inanarrowsurvey,Lowell,PlathandSextonseemtostandcloserandhavebeenmentionedandmeantoftenwhentheepithet“confessional”isbroughtupinthecontextofapoetrydiscussion.Theyhaveonethingincommon:allofthemstayedatonetimeoftheirlivesatamentalhospital.,罗伯特洛威尔,RobertLowell(19171977),洛威尔于1963至1977年在哈佛大学任教期间卷人了印年代的政治活动。1965年他拒绝约翰逊总统的白宫宴会的邀请，1967年与作家诺曼梅勒等人参加了反对越南战争向五角大楼进军的行列。,RobertLowellwasbornin1917intooneofBostonsoldestandmostprominentfamilies.HeattendedHarvardCollegefortwoyearsbeforetransferringtoKenyonCollege,wherehestudiedpoetryunderJohnCroweRansomandreceivedanundergraduatedegreein1940.Hisfirstandsecondbooks,LandofUnlikeness(1944)andLordWearysCastle(forwhichhereceivedaPulitzerPrizein1946,attheageofthirty),wereinfluencedbyhisconversionfromEpiscopalianismtoCatholicismandexploredthedarksideofAmericasPuritanlegacy.,UndertheinfluenceoftheNewCritics,hewroterigorouslyformalpoetrythatdrewpraiseforitsexceptionallypowerfulhandlingofmeterandrhyme.LowellwaspoliticallyinvolvedhebecameaconscientiousobjectorduringtheSecondWorldWarandwasimprisonedasaresult,andactivelyprotestedagainstthewarinVietnamandhispersonallifewasfullofmaritalandpsychologicalturmoil.Hesufferedfromsevereepisodesofmanicdepression,forwhichhewasrepeatedlyhospitalized.,Partlyinresponsetohisfrequentbreakdowns,andpartlyduetotheinfluenceofsuchyoungerpoetsasW.D.SnodgrassandAllenGinsberg，Lowellinthemid-fiftiesbegantowritemoredirectlyfrompersonalexperience,andloosenedhisadherencetotraditionalmeterandform.Theresultwasawatershedcollection,LifeStudies(1959),whichforeverchangedthelandscapeofmodernpoetry,muchasEliotsTheWasteLandhadthreedecadesbefore.,ConsideredbymanytobethemostimportantpoetinEnglishofthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,Lowellcontinuedtodevelophisworkwithsometimesunevenresults,allalongdefiningtherestlesscenterofAmericanpoetry,untilhissuddendeathfromaheartattackatage60.RobertLowellservedasaChancellorofTheAcademyofAmericanPoetsfrom1962untilhisdeathin1977,LordWearysCastle威尔利老爷的城堡;LifeStudies人生探索（masterpieceofconfessionalpoetry)FortheUnionDead献给联邦死难士,Turnedinwardandbeganhispainfulsoul-searchingwithinhimself.Examinehisoriginsandhisownselfandaftervilifying(辱骂）hisparentageandhimselfandsufferingintenselyinthecourseofit,foundhopeinanotherwisedesolatelandscape.这些自传性的诗篇充满了人生经验的真实情节，语言平易，亲切感人，其影响所及，使所谓“自白诗”成为一时的风尚。,SylviaPlath（19321963）,PlathwasborninBoston,Massachusetts.Whenshewas8herGermanfather,aprofessoratBostonUniversity,diedofdiabetes(糖尿病）.TwoyearslaterhermothermovedthefamilyinlandtoWellesley,whereshestruggledtogiveSylviaandheryoungerbrothereveryadvantageofasuperioreducation.Self-consciousnessandanxietyaboutstatusandmoneyduringadolescencecontributedtotheprofoundinsecurityPlathconcealedallherlifebeneathafaadeofbrassyenergyandbrilliantachievement.,Plathdiscoveredthatwritingwashervocationveryearly.AtSmithshewentonwinningprizes,butafterathirdyearoffeverishoverwork,shebrokedownandattemptedsuicide.Sixmonthsinaprivatehospitalsetheronherfeetagain,butinrealitysheneverrecovered.,SylviaPlathsearlypoemsdrenchedintypicalimageryofglass,moon,blood,hospitals,foetuses,andskulls。After1960herpoemsincreasinglyexploredthesurreallandscapeofherimprisonedpsycheundertheloomingshadowofadeadfatherandamotheronwhomshewasresentfullydependent.,Duringthesummerof1962hermarriagetoHugheswasbytheninruins。ItwasafterHughessdeparturethatPlathproduced,inlessthantwomonths,thefortypoemsofrage,despair,love,andvengeancethathavechieflybeenresponsibleforherimmenseposthumousfame.InJanuary1963,afterthepublicationofTheBellJar,andduringthecoldestwinterofthecentury,shedescendedintoadeep,clinicaldepression,andintheearlymorningof11February,shegassedherself.,TheColossus巨人集;Ariel阿里尔集(Daddy;LadyLazarus拉扎勒斯夫人);TheUncollectedPoems杂诗集;CrossingtheWater涉水;WinterTrees小说：TheBellJar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：DeathKaddishandOtherPoems卡第绪及其他;PlannetNews行星消息;TheFallofAmerica美国的衰弱,GarySnyder(1930-_,GarySnyderwasbornonMay8,1930inSanFrancisco,CaliforniaandiswellknownnotonlyforhisassociationwiththeBeatwriters,butforhisadvocacyofcommunitylivingandecologicalconcerns.,MuchofhiswritingdemonstratestheinfluenceoftherespectedAmericanpoets,WaltWhitmanandEzraPound,aswellasintimationsofmysticismexemplifiedinFarEasternforms.HisexperiencesasaloggerandrangerinthePacificNorthwestwereinspirationsforhisfirsttwocollectionsofpoetry:Riprap(1959)andMythsandTexts(1960).,ManyofhislaterworksfocusonalternativestocitylivingandshowareverencefornatureandadeepinterestinthephilosophiesoftheEast.Thelatterisacharacteristicthatseemsanalmostubiquitous（到处存在的）attributepossessedbymanyotherBeatwriters.,Riprap大卵石(PiuteCreek皮尤特河);Myths,TheNewYorkSchool,ThisschoolbecamewellknownwiththepublicationofDonaldAllens1960anthology.TheschoolthenincludedFrankOHara,KennethKoch,JohnAshberyandJamesSchuyler.Oneofthethingstheyalldidwastheirexperimentwithsurrealism.,Theseyoungpeoplewereeagertoexperiment,theircontactwithavant-gradeartistsintheNewYorkcityofferedfoodforthoughtandaddedtotheirenthusiasmtobreaknewground.Theyweresoimmersedintheircreativeendeavorsthattheydidnotpaymuchattentiontothepoliticalandsocialissuesofthetimes.,Fourfeatures,1.theywereallvehementlyupagainstthedominantNewCrodeucedthepopularandthelowfeaturesoflifeintotheirwritingslikepopularsongs,comicstripfiguresandHollywoodmovies.,3.exhibitedahugesenseofhumor,offeringroomastheirpoemsdidforelementslikethevulgarandthesentimental.4.Experimentedwithsurrealismforawhile.,TheBlackMountainPoets,TheBlackMountainpoetsemergedinthe1950sasagroupofwritersassociatedwithBlackMountainCollegeinBlackMountain,NorthCarolina.Althoughanumberofpoetsaresometimesdesignatedasmembersofthegroup,CharlesOlson,RobertDuncan,RobertCreeley,andDeniseLevertovareusuallyrecognizedasthecentralBlackMountainfiguresonthebasisoftheirsharedconcerns,certainaffinitiesintheirwritingsandthedepthoftheirrelationshipswithoneanother.,Developedasanalternativetotraditionalacademicinstitutions,thecollegeadvocatedprogressivemodelsofeducation,practicedvariousformsofcommunalliving,celebratedindividualfreedomandresponsibility,andaboveallstressedtheprimacyoftheartsandthevalueofinterdisciplinaryexperimentation.,CharlesOlson(19101970),查尔斯奥尔森,CharlesOlson,receivedhisB.A.andM.A.fromWesleyanUniversity.OlsontaughtEnglishfortwoyearsatClarkUniversitythenenteredHarvardUniversityin1936,wherehecompletedcourseworkforaPh.D.inAmericancivilization.Bytheageoftwenty-nine,hehadreceivedhisfirstGuggenheimfellowshipforhisstudiesofHermanMelville.Ratherthanpursuinganacademiccareer,Olsonbecameactiveindepressionerapolitics.,In1951,OlsonwashiredasavisitingprofessoratBlackMountainCollegeinNorthCarolina，whichwasahomeforexperimentalandsocially-progressivethought.Olsonsideasofversehadaprofoundinfluenceonawholegenerationofpoets,TheFish(ElizabethBishop),Icaughtatremendousfishandheldhimbesidetheboathalfoutofwater,withmyhookfastinacornerofhismouth.Hedidntfight.Hehadntfoughtatall.Hehungagruntingweight,batteredandvenerableandhomely.Hereandtherehisbrownskinhunginstripslikeancientwallpaper,anditspatternofdarkerbrownwaslikewallpaper:shapeslikefull-blownrosesstainedandlostthroughage.Hewasspeckledwithbarnacles,finerosettesoflime,andinfestedwithtinywhitesea-lice,andunderneathtwoorthreeragsofgreenweedhungdown.Whilehisgillswerebreathingintheterribleoxygenthefrighteninggills,freshandcrispwithblood,thatcancutsobadlyIthoughtofthecoarsewhitefleshpackedinlikefeathers,thebigbonesandthelittlebones,thedramaticredsandblacksofhisshinyentrails,andthepinkswim-bladderlikeabigpeony.,Ilookedintohiseyeswhichwerefarlargerthanminebutshallower,andyellowed,theirisesbackedandpackedwithtarnishedtinfoilseenthroughthelensesofoldscratchedisinglass.Theyshiftedalittle,butnottoret