现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记

WritingUnit 111. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2)12. Coordination & Subordination (P12)1Coordination1Subordination2Unit 221. Decription (Places)(P21-22)22. Parallelism (P31-32)3Unit 331.Narration (Objective Reports) (P42)32. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52)3Circumstances of using passive voice3Unit 441. Description: objects (P64)42.Variety(多样性)（P76）4Unit 551. Narration: chain of action (P82)5Showing &telling in narration52.Task 未教（P93）6Unit 661. Description: People (P102)62. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁 (打印)6Unit 771. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126)7Unit 881. Personal Letters (P150)8Unit 1 1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2)1) Types :personal experience/imaginative fiction/historical narrative2) How to write:u A topic sentence u First person point of viewu In chronological orderu Using transitionsu Vivid details2. Coordination & Subordination (P12)Coordination 1) Definition :combine ideas/create equal emphasis2) How to coordinate u Words &phases :A coordinating conjunction A pair of correlative conjunction In the same kind of grammatical construction u Clauses “,”+”fan boys” “;”+”conjunctive adverbs”(however)3) Coordination Subordination1) Definition :combine ideas/create unequal emphasis2) How to subordinateu subordinate clauses :Subordinating conjunction Relative pronouns Phrase or single words Unit 2 1. Decription (Places)(P21-22)1) Definition: a word picture2) Types : objective: no any personal comment Subjective: free to interpret details3) Methods of organization:u Using the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)u Using the spatial order(空间顺序)u Using chronological order4) Tips :u On a dominant impression (主要印象)u Dont use too many adjectives and adverbsu Precise nouns and vivid verbsu Dont qualify every noun with adjective 2. Parallelism (P31-32)1) Definition :Express equally important ideas in the same grammatical form2) types :u parallel words (gerund 动名词，nouns ,verbs)u parallel phrases (prepositional phrases, verb phrases)u parallel clauses Unit 31. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42)1) Types ：First person :“I” Third person: “he”she” ”they”2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52)1) Tips: u replace the verb” be”u Dont overuse the pattern ”there be”u Use the active voice instead of the passive voice(被动)Circumstances of using passive voiceu The performer of an action is unknown or too well-knownu Emphasize the recipient (接受者)u You dont want to mention the performerUnit 41. Description: objects (P64)1) Methods of organization:u Using the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)u Using the spatial order(空间顺序)u Listing functionsu Using chronological order2) Tips on how to describe an objects u how you got the objectu Basic factual information(size, shape, texture)u Useful featuresu Focus on the most important of the objectu Why it is important u Your feeling (how you like it)2. Variety(多样性)（P76）1) How to use sentence varietyu Vary sentence openingu Vary sentence structureu Invert sentence(倒装句) occasionally2) Tips u Put a adverb before the subject u Put the verb or direct object before the subject u Begin with a prepositional phrase, or an infinitive phraseUnit 51. Narration: chain of action (P82)Showing &telling in narrationTell a story 1) Showing: u dramatizing a scene and creating a dialogueu Make it more vivid u Used in a short narrative relating a single event2) Telling :u summarizing what happenedu Include a greater number of events and detailsu In longer narratives ,used along with “showing”2.Task 未教（P93）Unit 61. Description: People (P102)1) How to describe a personu Dominant impression approach (P22)u Select details but dont give too muchu Concrete vivid details u Dont overload adj. adv.u More showing than tellingu Use anecdotes（趣事) 2) Ways of organizing a descriptive essay about a personu Focus on one feature or quality/use anecdotesu Describes from appearance and personalityu List a few characteristic features/explain briefly2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁 (打印)u Reduce long clauses to shorter phrasesu Reduce phrases to single wordsu Avoid there beu Dont overuse “very, really, totally and other modifiers”Eg. Very tired exhausted/ really hungry famishedu Replace redundant(多余的) expressionsEg.in the event that if/oval in shape ovalu Remove nominalizationsu Verb a/an noun verbEg. Give an analysis of analyzeUnit 71. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126)1) Summary paragraphsu A typical paragraph: develop an idea; The topic sentence + supporting sentencesu The summary paragraph: Consist of simple facts or conclusions without explanation or evidence2) Basic structure of a historical narrativeu Open with a brief introduction of the person or organizationu Provide a brief account of major phases/events, particularly turning pointsu Conclude with a remark to summarize or to emphasize a specific pointUnit 81. Personal Letters (P150)1) Layout/Formatu Date / salutation /body/closing/signature2) Languageu Simple, clear and straightforward sentenc