论《爱丽丝梦游仙境》的童话性与现实性

中图分类号：I106.4 学号：09004110305南阳师范学院 本科毕业论文 论文题目： 论爱丽丝梦游仙境的童话性与现实性 作 者： 李 静 指导教师： 秦 岭 讲师 学 院： 外 国 语 学 院 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 2009 级 3班 二一三 年 三 月 论爱丽丝梦游仙境的童话性与现实性南阳师范学院外国语学院英语专业申请文学学士学位毕业论文作 者： 指导教师： On the Romanticism and Realism of Alices Adventures in Wonderland A Thesis Submitted toEnglish Department,School of Foreign Languages,Nanyang Normal Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsBySupervisor： AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Qin for her illuminating direction, informative advice as well as her patient encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. She devoted much time and provided many suggestions to the revision and improvement of the many drafts. Her rigorous scholarship and agreeable personality will be the most valuable treasure in my whole life.My sincere appreciation also goes to the professors in Foreign Language Department of Nanyang Normal University, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis. I am also very grateful to my friends, especially my two lovely roommates: Jin Ximei and Chen Yingge for their careful proof-reading of this work and useful advice.In addition, the gratitude I find almost impossible to articulate is that which I owe to my family. My parents have always provided me with their love and emotional support and encouragement. My heartfelt thanks to all the people who have given me help are beyond words. As for the remaining demerits of this study, I myself take the sole responsibility.摘 要本研究以爱丽丝为研究对象，并结合维多利亚时代“家庭天使”的女性形象，来分析爱丽丝在小说中的具体表现并总结其童话性与现实性的意义。本文旨在通过对爱丽丝梦游仙境的故事情节的分析研究更有助于读者在一定程度上克服阅读障碍，进一步加深对童话性与现实性的矛盾性这一主题的理解。关键词：家庭天使；权势批判；荒诞性AbstractBased on Alice as the research object, and connected with the female image of “the angel in the house” in Victorian era, this paper analyzes the manifestation of Alice in the novel and summarizes the significance of the romanticism and realism of Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Meanwhile, the aim of this paper is to help readers overcome obstacles in reading by the analysis of the absurd plots in Alices Adventures in Wonderland.Key Words: “the angel in the house”; critical power; absurdityContentsAcknowledgments I摘要 IIAbstract IIIContents IV1. Introduction 11.1 Introduction to Lewis Carroll11.2 Introduction to Alices Adventures in Wonderland22. The Study of Victorian Women22.1 The Status of Victorian Women22.2 Image and Characteristics of the Perfect Woman4 2.2 1 Partnership42.2 2 The Aura of the Virgin Mary42.2 3 The Idea of Male Superiority52.3 Social Background of the English Novel53. The Structure and Contents of Alices Adventures in Wonderland7 3.1 Main Characters in Alices Adventures in Wonderland73.2 Critical Power of Alices Adventures in Wonderland83.3 Romanticism of Through the Looking Glass114. The Beauty of Absurdity in the Spiritual World125. Conclusion14Bibliography161. Introduction1.1 Introduction to Lewis Carroll Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), who wrote under the name Lewis Carroll, was the author of Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. He was also a noted mathematician and photographer. Born on Jan. 27, 1832, Lewis Carroll passed a happy childhood in the rectories of his father, the Reverend Charles Dodgson. For his nine sisters and two brothers he frequently made up games and wrote stories and poems, some of which foreshadowed the delights of Alice. Although his school years at Rugby (1846-1849) were unhappy, he was recognized as a good scholar, and in 1850 he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford. He graduated in 1854, and in 1855 he became mathematical lecturer at the college. This permanent appointment, which not only recognized his academic superiority but also made him financially secure, carried the stipulations that Carroll took orders in the Anglican Church and remained unmarried. He complied with these requirements and was ordained a deacon in 1861. In 1856 Carroll met Alice Liddell, the 4-year-old daughter of the dean of Christ Church. During the next few years Carroll frequently made up stories for Alice and her sisters. On July 4, 1862, while picnicking with the Liddell girls, Carroll recounted the adventures of a little girl who fell into a rabbit hole. Alice asked that he write the tale for her. He did so, calling it Alices Adventures under Ground. After revisions, this work was published in 1865 as Alices Adventures in Wonderland with illustrations by John Tenniel1:10. Encouraged by its success, Carroll wrote a sequel, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There (1872). Unlike most of the childrens books of the day, Alice and its sequel do not contain obvious moralizing. Nor are they what critics have tried to make them allegories of religion or politics. They are delightful adventure stories in which a normal, healthy, clearheaded little girl reacts to the “reality” of the adult world. Their appeal to adults as well as to children lies in Alices intelligent response to absurdities of language and action. He created the Alice in Wonderland, opened the golden age of British childrens literature in the first chapter, made his name and his fairy tale work together forever in the world of childrens semantics in history.1.2 Introduction to Alices Adventures in Wonderland Alices Adventures in Wonderland is about a girl that falls in a hole and goes into this magical world. It is a story about a 7 year-old girl, experiences a variety of unusual settings and bizarre characters, all giving rise to her anxiety and frustration. Alice conquering her anxiety, she gains self-realization to some extent, which indicates bewilderment, struggles and pains during the process of childrens growing-up. It was written by Lewis Carroll long ago, but it is still greatly loved by people all over the world regardless of age and occupation. There are many reasons for the story to be popular. One reason is that the plot rich in imagination satisfies peoples curiosity about the unknown world. And another one is that the language is not only simple to understand but also perfect in combination of the romanticism and realism of Alices Adventures in Wonderland.2. The Study of Victorian Women2.1 The Status of Victorian WomenThe Reform Bill of 1832 gave the middle class the political power it needed to consolidate and to hold the economic position it had already achieved. Industry and commerce burgeoned. While the affluence of the middle class increased, the lower classes, throwing off their land and going into the cities to form the great urban working class, lived ever more wretchedly. The social changes were so swift and brutal that Godwinian utopianism rapidly gave way to attempts either to justify the new economic and urban conditions, or to change them. The intellectuals and artists of the age had to deal in some way with the upheavals in society, the obvious inequities of abundance for a few and squalor for many, and, emanating from the throne of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), an emphasis on public rectitude and moral propriety.The Victorian era was the great age of the English novelrealistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class. British industrialization, democratization, the process of urbanization in the reform era, basically completed. Referring specifically to middle-class women of Victorian women was considered to be the worlds most perfect, the most holy women, so the society called them “the angel in the house”. However, according to the analysis and study of the reasons for the formation of “Angel”, we see that it is the humiliation of women. “History always walked the winding road, many things are included with the surface opposite to the essence of bourgeois women are spoiled and dependent, but it is their relative sign of decline for the men of the class status.”2:44. Because of the bourgeois women had no economic autonomy, so their daily lives were at the mercy of the man. Without husband or fathers permission they could not go out to work, because it is detrimental to the tradition. Meanwhile, the whole society needs “family angel” to maintain the moral and belief of the family, so as to maintain the entire social morals and orders.2.2 Image and Characteristics of the Perfect Woman2.21 Partnership “The angel in the house” and the masculine world basically were in the state of isolation in the pre-industrial society3:56. Popular cottage industry and economic activities were limited to the scope of the family, so the husband and wife could be said to be partners. With the industrial revolution and prevalence of cottage industry quickly developed, economic activities were confined to the domestic sphere. Because the female disposition was not suitable for outside complex work, so the men went out to earn money to support their families and women stayed at home doing housework and raising children. And women have been taught going out as little as possible to maintain their purity. Therefore, family has increasingly become a isolated space apart from the outside world. For the women, they should contact with the outside mainly through the male members of the family.2.22 The Aura of the Virgin Mary“The angel in the house” has replaced the image of the virgin Maria with the aura of the Virgin Mary. In the Bible, women have ever been treated as a source of trouble. In the Victorian era, as a result of the social moral, the men need “family angel” to maintain the moral and belief of the family, so as to maintain the entire social morals and order.2.23 The Idea of Male SuperiorityIn the Victorian era, from a legal point of view, once women married, all the civil rights died off. And she almost lost all human rights and did not have the power to make an account and legally have her own property. According to gender, men worked outside to provide families with material security and women as homemakers could not be converted into money, so they should rely on men to live because of economic dependency.2.3 Social Background of the English NovelThe Victorian era was the great age of the English novelrealistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary life. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Hence humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of crash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. They were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here we see the strength and weakness of critical realism. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists, they made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel“the epic of the bourgeois society” 4:12.The mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, writing under the name Lewis Carroll, produced the complex and sophisticated childrens classics Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking Glass (1871), making his name and his fairy tale work together forever in the world of childrens semantics in history. By the end of the period, the novel was considered not only the premier form of entertainment but also a primary means of analyzing and offering solutions to social and political problems.3. The Structure and Contents of Alices Adventures in Wonderland 3.1 Main Characters in Alices Adventures in WonderlandAlices Adventures in Wonderland is composed of two parts: Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It is a fairy tale, but with a variety of unusual settings and bizarre characters this book was very popular with many children and parents. According to the original book, there are 11 main characters in Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Here are some main characters and its features: AliceAlice is the main character of the story. She is an English seven-year-old girl with a good imagination, manners and behavior. In many movie versions of the book, Alice usually appears as a blonde girl, wearing a blue dress, white apron over top, stockings, and black “Mary Jane” shoes. 2. The White RabbitThe Rabbit is responsible for Alice following him and entering into Wonderland. He is the first Wonderland Resident Alice meets. In the book and movie versions, the Rabbit wears a waistcoat where he pockets his watch. And at the end of the story, it is revealed that he serves as herald to the King and Queen of Hearts. 3. The CaterpillarA wise, but rude old bug who gives Alice advice about how to change sizes correctly by eating the mushroom. 4. The Cheshire CatA peculiar feline that always grins and turns invisible at will. He belongs to the Duchess, and is responsible of guiding Alice to the Mad Tea Party. The Cat is the closest friend Alice meets in Wonderland. 5. The Mad HatterA wacky man and leader of the Mad Tea Party. He is known to be very rude towards Alice and giving her stupid riddles without any answers. He is also the first witness of the Knave of Hearts trial. 6. The March HareThe Mad Hatters crazed sidekick who is also rude and obnoxious towards Alice. The March Hare is always mad, and maybe slightly stupid and confused ever since the Mad Hatter didnt have the chance to finish his performance at the Queen of Hearts concert. 7. The DormouseThe third and sleepy member of the Mad Tea Party Trio. He often sleeps through the party, but the Mad Hatter and the March Hare have ways to rudely wake him up. 8. The Queen of HeartsA stubborn, violent and cruel tyrant who enjoys beheading people (which never happens due to the King secretly pardoning those who are to be executed). She has a massive army of playing cards, and they simply do what the Queen says. She is noted to be the villain of the story, and Alices arch-nemesis. 9. The King of HeartsThe Queen of Hearts foolish, but caring husband, who pardons those who are about to be beheaded under the wrath of the Queen. He also serves as judge of the Knave of Hearts trial. 10. The Knave of HeartsA noble servant to the King and Queen of Hearts, who was sent to a trial as the accused for stealing the tarts. The Queen often thinks of him as an idiot. 11. Alices SisterA minor character of the story. She is Alices older sister who understands Alices dream at the end of the book. After Alice went home for tea, her sister dreamt the same dream Alice did, and knew Alice is growing up. Through those strange names which often appears in the fairy tales or childrens imagination and unique characters with exaggeration from the prototype in reality, the author further emphasizes on the romanticism and realism of Alices Adventures in Wonderland.3.2 Critical Power of Alices Adventures in WonderlandSince its publication in 1865, Alice in Wonderland swept the world from generation to generation. But this book is definitely not just a fairy tale, in which there are similar to the adult world full of power contest, the author has revealed critical realistic power through Alice in Wonderland. There are some examples: In Chapter 12 Alices EvidenceWhen the White Rabbit showed the evidencethere isnt an atom of meaning in it, the King and the Queen said it can prove the Knave have guilty.“Its a pun!” the King added in an offended tone, and everybody laughed, “Let he jury consider their verdict,” the King said, for about the twentieth tine that day.“No, no !”