跨文化交际第五章

Chapter5CultureShockinInterculturalCommunication,Goals:,1.toidentifythe5stagesofcultureshock2.toidentifythedefinitionsofHCandLC,“CultureShock”,firstidentifiedin1958byanthropologistKalveroOberg,isalongtermpsychologicalstressthatallhumanbeingsexperiencewhentheymovetoacompletelynewculturalenvironment.,Cultureshockusuallysetsinthefirstfewweeksofmovingtoanewenvironment,thoughsometimescantakelongertosurface.Cultureshock,likeadisease,hascauses,symptomsandcures.,1.CultureShock,referstothetraumatictr:mtikexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.expressesthelackofdirection,thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment,andnotknowingwhatisappropriateorinappropriate.,thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhencomingtoliveinanothercountryoraplacedifferentfromtheplaceoforigintroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture,2.Symptomsofcultureshock,a.physicalsymptomsover-concernedaboutcleanlinessoffood,bedding,anddishes,extremestressonhealthandsafety;fearofphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry;greatconcernoverminorpainsandskineruptions(出疹);craving“homecooking”;useofalcoholanddrugs;andadeclineinworkquality.,b.psychologicalsymptoms,insomniainsmni,fatigue,isolationandloneliness,disorientation,frustration,criticismofnewcountry,depression,nervousness,self-doubt,irritability,anger,andemotionalandintellectualwithdrawal.,3.Causesofcultureshock,CulturalstressSocialalienationSocialclassandpoverty-wealthextremesFinancialmattersRelationshipsandfamilyconsiderations,a.CulturalStress,Enteringanunfamiliarcultureisstressful;infact,transitionsofanytypearebothpsychologicallyandphysicallystressful.Problemswithhousing,climate,services,orcommunicationinanotherlanguagebringadditionalstress.,b.SocialAlienation,Anaspectofcultureshockthatcanhaveadverseeffectsuponthenewcomerstoacultureissocialalienationandthefeelingsoflonelinessthatareassociatedwithbeingisolatedfromfriendsandthehomeculture.,c.Socialclassandpoverty-wealthextremes,Classdistinctionsdoexistinmanycountries,butaresocomplicatedandsubtlethatvisitorsfromothercountriesoftenmissthenuancesnju:ns(细微差别)andeventheexistenceofaclassstructure.,d.Financialmatters,Adaptingtoanewcultureandreenteringthehomecultureinvolvefinancialadjustments,suchascostandavailabilityofhousing,bankingpractices,useofcreditcardsandchecks,andcostsofschooling.,e.Relationshipsandfamilyconsiderations,Problemsrelatedwithrelationshipssuchasfailureofthespouseandotherfamilymemberstoadapttothenewcultureareamajorfactorintheearlyreturnofexpatriates.,4.Stagesofcultureshock,ThehoneymoonstageThehostilitystageTherecoverystageTheadjustmentstageThebiculturalitystage,Thefirststageofinitialcontact,sometimescalledthe“honeymoon”stageorinitialeuphoriaju:f:ri(幸福愉快感),iswhereeverythingisnewandexciting.-eagertopleasepeoplearound,cooperation,interestinlisteningtopeople,a.the“honeymoon”stage,E.g.AEuropean-basedjointventurecompanyhasjusthiredMr.Wang.Withhisfineuniversityrecord,Englishproficiencyandgoodworkrecord,hesuccessfullycompetedwithmanyotherapplicantstowintheentry-levelposition.Thecompanyhasjustbuiltastate-of-the-art(顶尖水准的)factoryintheoutskirtsofhishometown,whichmeansthathecangoaheadwithhisplanstomarrywithoutdelay.,b.thehostilitystagethecrisisordisenchantment(失望)stage,Thesecondstageischaracterizedbyfrustration,anger,anxietyandsometimesdepression.-tiredoflisteningtoandspeakinganotherlanguage,difficulttoworkwith,tryeveryonespatience,E.g.AWesternerinChinawhosuspectsheisbeingcheatedbyavendormaysimplytosshisbagoffruitbackandwalkaway,orhemightstartyellingandaccusinginwhateverlanguageheisabletomanage.,c.therecoverystage(thereintegrationstage),Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.-anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumor,acertainpsychologicalbalance,afeelingofdirection,E.g.ThesameWesternerwho6monthearlierwalkedawayfromthestreetvendorinanger,nowconfidentlyentersaChinesehotelreadytobargainforareductionintheforeignersroommate.,d.theadjustmentstage,Inthefourthstage,peoplerealizethenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstooffer.Thisintegrationisaccompaniedbyamoresolidfeelingofbelonging.(doubleortripleintegration)-feelgood/atease,successfullyadjustedtothenewculture,E.g.WuLian,studyinginAmericanow,haslearnedwhichofherclassmatesareworthspendingtimewithandhowtoaskthemtherightquestionstolearnwhatsheneedstoknow.Shehasmadenewfriends.,Bythistimesheisabletoacceptboththesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenhishomecultureandthenewculture.Shebecomesmoresensitivetolocalpeopleandasaresult,herrelationshipwiththemisbecomingwarmerandmorepersonal.Lifeisbecomingmorecomfortable.,e.thebiculturalitystage(thefulladjustmentstage),Biculturality:thehealthyandevenidealstageofadaptationinwhichonesoriginalculturalworldviewremainsintactasalternativeculturalframesareacquired.Inthefinalstagepeoplebecomeabletocopecomfortablyinbothhomeandnewcultures.However,fulladjustmentcantakeyears.,Atthisstagethepersonhasgrownasahumanbeingandhasbeenreplacedbyanewonethatfunctionsatahigherlevelofhumansensitivityandself-awareness.,5.Reversecultureshock,mayoccuruponreturningtothehomecountryifapersonhasadjustedexceptionallywelltothehostculture.return/reentrycultureshockreturnees,Thereareusuallytwoelementsthatcharacterizere-entry:AnidealizedviewofhomeTheexpectationoftotalfamiliarity(thatnothingathomehaschangedwhileyouhavebeenaway)Aproblemariseswhenrealitydoesntmeettheseexpectations.Homemayfeelsoforeign.,Reversecultureshockisusuallydescribedinfourstages:DisengagementInitialeuphoriaIrritabilityandhostilityReadjustmentandadaptation,6.Stagesofreversecultureshock,Stage1beginsbeforeyouleaveyourhostcountry.Youbeginthinkingaboutre-entryandmakingyourpreparationsforyourreturnhome.Youalsobegintorealizethatitstimetosaygood-byetoyourfriendsabroadandtotheplaceyouvecometocallhome.Thehustleandbustleoffinals,good-byeparties,andpackingcanintensifyyourfeelingsofsadnessandfrustration.Youalreadymissthefriendsyouvemade,andyouarereluctanttoleave.Or,youmaymakeyourlastfewdaysflybysofastthatyoudonthavetimetoreflectonyouremotionsandexperiences.,Stage2usuallybeginsshortlybeforedeparture,anditischaracterizedbyfeelingsofexcitementandanticipation-eveneuphoria-aboutreturninghome.Thisisverysimilartotheinitialfeelingsoffascinationandexcitementyoumayhavewhenyoufirstenteredyourhostcountry.Youmaybeveryhappytoseeyourfamilyandfriendsagain,andtheyarealsohappytoseeyou.Thelengthofthisstagevaries,andoftenendswiththerealizationthatmostpeoplearenotasinterestedinyourexperiencesabroadasyouhadhoped.Theywillpolitelylistentoyourstoriesforawhile,butyoumayfindthatsoontheyarereadytomoveontothenexttopicofconversation.,Stage3Youmayexperiencefeelingsoffrustration,anger,alienation,loneliness,disorientation,andhelplessnessandnotunderstandexactlywhy.Youmightquicklybecomeirritatedorcriticalofothersandofhomeculture.Depression,feelinglikeastrangerathome,andthelongingtogobackabroadarealsonotuncommonreactions.Youmayalsofeellessindependentthanyouwerewhileabroad.,Stage4agradualreadjustmenttolifeathome.Thingswillstarttoseemalittlemorenormalagain,andyouwillprobablyfallbackintosomeoldroutines,butthingswontbeexactlythesameashowyouleftthem.Youhavemostlikelydevelopednewattitudes,beliefs,habits,aswellaspersonalandprofessionalgoals,andyouwillseethingsdifferentlynow.Theimportantthingistotrytoincorporatethepositiveaspectsofyourinternationalexperiencewhileabroadwiththepositiveaspectsofyourlifeathome.,A.DefensemechanismsagainstcultureshockrepressionregressionisolationrejectionThesemethodsarenothelpfulbecausetheypreventusfrommakingnecessaryadjustmenttothenewculture.,7.Strategiesformanagingcultureshock,B.Alleviatingcultureshocklearningthroughoutyourstaygetinvolvedastersimpletaskstrytounderstandlearntolivewithambiguitybeempathetic(移情)beflexibleandresourceful(机智的)behumorous,InhisbookBeyondCultures(publishedin1976byAnchorPress/Doubleday,inNewYork),Halldistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunicationandclassifyculturepatternsintohigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculture.,8.High-contextCultureavoidsayingno,Communicatesinhighlystructured(context)messages,providesdetails,stressesliteralmeanings,givesauthoritytowritteninformation,Communicatesinsimple,ambiguous,non-contextedmessages;understandsvisualmessagesreadily,IllustrationsContextandChineseLanguagebyEdwardHall,1976China,thepossessorofagreatandcomplexculture,isonthehigh-contextendofthescale.OnenoticesthisparticularlyinthewrittenlanguageofChina,whichis35hundredyearsoldandhaschangedverylittleinthepast3thousandyears.TheneedforcontextisexperiencedwhenlookingupwordsinaChinesedictionary.TouseaChinesedictionary,thereadermustknowthesignificanceof214radicals(偏旁,部首)(therearenocounterpartsforradicalsintheIndo-Europeanlanguages).,Forexample,tofindthewordforstaronemustknowthatitappearsunderthesunradical.TobeliterateinChinese,onehastobeconversant(精通)withChinesehistory.Anotherinterestingsidelight(花絮新闻;趣闻)ontheChineseorthographyisthatitisalsoanartform.Tomyknowledge,nolow-contextcommunicationsystemhaseverbeenanartform.Goodartisalwayshigh-context;badart,low-context.,CulturaldifferencesattheairportYouwillnoticeaninterestingphenomenonatthearrivalgatesofinternationalairports.UsuallythereisagroupoffamilymembersorahostwaitingtomeettheChinese,Japanese,andotherAsianswhoaregettingofftheairplane.OftenthereisnoonewaitingtomeettheWesternerswhoarearriving.Theyjustcollecttheirbaggageandthentakeataxiorabustotheirdestination.,ApparentlytheAsiansthinkthatnoonearrivinginanunfamiliarplaceshouldbelefttofindtheirontheirown.Theyneedpeopleatthistime.Westernersaremorelikelytoassumethatcertainpredictableserviceswillbeavailablesuchashotelbookingcountersandtransportationservicesandthattheycanfindtheseandthecityandalreadylearnedalotabouttheairport,hotels,touristsite,whatpeoplehewillneedtocontactforparticularpurposesoncehegetsthere,wheretogetagooddinner,andmore.,Westerners,aslow-contextcommunicators,lookfor,trustanduseimpersonalsourcesofinformationwhilecommunicatorsfrommorehigh-contextculturespreferpersonalsourcesofinformation.,Across-culturaldialogueForeignaffairofficer(FAO):Foreig