初中英语总复习词性与句子成分成分

英语词性的分类一、词性的分类词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun（缩写为n.）表示人或事物的名称party政党China中国代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词Numeral (num.)表示数量或顺序one一first第一形容词Adjective（adj.）用来修饰名词表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全great伟大副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性quickly 迅速地here这里动词Verb (v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃have有冠词Article (art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an，a，the介词Preposition (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在下in在里连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but但是感叹词Interjection (interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂Emm呃，嘿句子结构成分分析英语的句子成分主要有以下几种：即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾表，定状补同）。具体成分及作用如下。成分作用例句主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。We often speak English in class.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。We often speak English in class.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。We often speak English in class.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。We are young.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。The tall boy under the tree is John.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.We often speak English in class.补语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。His father named him Dongming.He was elected monitor.同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。We students should study hard.而英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：John Smith died.二：John Smith is a soldier.三：John Smith killed three enemy soldiers.四： Johns father gives him a dog.五：John Smith painted his boat white.句子的拓展：常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。 We found the hall full. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.基本句型 一： （主谓）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. He runs fast.基本句型 二： （主系表）1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken.基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus.1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语英语的句子成分主要有以下几种：即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾表，定状补同）。划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线 谓语 在下面画曲线 宾语 在下面画双横线 定语 在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to learn a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true.10. There comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes your turn.考点2. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.B. 复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he come back?He didnt attend the meeting yesterday. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点3. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2. 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.考点4. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3. 画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.考点5. 宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练习4. 用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.考点6. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected chariman.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.考点7. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）练习5. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.考点8. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.He lives at1120 GreenStreet, London.C. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.D. 状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 考点9. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. 练习7. 画出下列句中的同位语。1. The young man, my brother, works in the office.2. Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study. 3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.I. 单句改错 根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中的错误。1. Beyond the mountains lie a small village.2. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.3. Play basketball is my favorite sport.4. Give up English is not an option.5. By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience. 6. Without a friend will feel lonely. II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词）7. They planned_(take) two days off next week.8. He practiced _ (speak) English every day.9. Here _(be) your books.10. On the wall _ (hang) two pictures.III. 翻译1. 他们听得很认真