市场经济管理学及财务知识分析

,6THEECONOMICSOFLABORMARKETS劳动市场经济学,TheEconomicsofLaborMarkets劳动市场经济学,Chapter18,TheMarketsforFactorsofProduction生产要素市场,Factorsofproductionaretheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices.生产要素是指用于生产物品与劳务的投入。,TheMarketfortheFactorsofProduction,Thedemandforafactorofproductionisaderiveddemand.Afirmsdemandforafactorofproductionisderivedfromitsdecisiontosupplyagoodinanothermarket.,生产要素市场,生产要素的需求是派生需求。企业的生产要素需求，是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。,TheDemandforLabor劳动需求,Labormarkets,likeothermarketsintheeconomy,aregovernedbytheforcesofsupplyanddemand.与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。,Figure1TheVersatilityofSupplyandDemand,Quantityof,Apples,0,Priceof,Apples,Quantityof,ApplePickers,0,Wageof,Apple,Pickers,(a)TheMarketforApples,(b)TheMarketforApplePickers,图1.供给与需求的多样化,(a)苹果市场,(b)摘苹果工人市场,苹果的数量,工人数量,Q,L,P,W,0,0,苹果的价格,摘苹果工人的工资,需求,需求,供给,供给,TheDemandForLabor劳动需求,Mostlaborservices,ratherthanbeingfinalgoodsreadytobeenjoyedbyconsumers,areinputsintotheproductionofothergoods.大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。,TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLabor,Theproductionfunctionillustratestherelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedandthequantityofoutputofagood.,生产函数与劳动的边际产量,生产函数说明用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。,Table1HowtheCompetitiveFirmDecidesHowMuchLabortoHire,Copyright2004South-Western,表1.竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量,Figure2TheProductionFunction生产函数,0,50,100,150,200,250,300,350,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,QuantityofApplePickers摘苹果工人数量,QuantityofApples苹果数量,TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLabor,Themarginalproductoflaboristheincreaseintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflabor.MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2Q1)/(L2L1),生产函数与劳动的边际产量,劳动的边际产量增加的一个单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2Q1)/(L2L1),TheProductionFunctionandtheMarginalProductofLabor,DiminishingMarginalProductofLaborAsthenumberofworkersincreases,themarginalproductoflabordeclines.Asmoreandmoreworkersarehired,eachadditionalworkercontributeslesstoproductionthanthepriorone.Theproductionfunctionbecomesflatterasthenumberofworkersrises.Thispropertyiscalleddiminishingmarginalproduct.,生产函数与劳动的边际产量,边际产量递减随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来越平坦。这种性质被称为边际产量递减。.,Figure2TheProductionFunction生产函数,0,50,100,150,200,250,300,350,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,QuantityofApplePickers摘苹果工人数量,QuantityofApples苹果数量,TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLabor,Thevalueofthemarginalproductisthemarginalproductoftheinputmultipliedbythemarketpriceoftheoutput.VMPL=MPLXP,劳动边际产量值与劳动需求,边际产量值一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。VMPL=MPLXP,TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLabor,Thevalueofthemarginalproduct(alsoknownasmarginalrevenueproduct)ismeasuredindollars.Itdiminishesasthenumberofworkersrisesbecausethemarketpriceofthegoodisconstant.,劳动的边际产量值,边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产量）以美元计算。如果产品价格不变，边际产量值随着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。,TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLabor,Tomaximizeprofit,thecompetitive,profit-maximizingfirmhiresworkersuptothepointwherethevalueofmarginalproductoflaborequalsthewage.VMPL=Wage,边际产量值与劳动需求,为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。边际产量值=工资,TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLabor边际产量值与劳动需求,Thevalue-of-marginal-productcurveisthelabordemandcurveforacompetitive,profit-maximizingfirm.对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来说，边际产量值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。,Figure3TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLabor,0,Quantityof,ApplePickers,0,Value,ofthe,Marginal,Product,图3.劳动的边际产量值,0,0,边际产量值（劳动需求曲线）,FYIInputDemandandOutputSupply,Whenacompetitivefirmhireslaboruptothepointatwhichthevalueofthemarginalproductequalsthewage,italsoproducesuptothepointatwhichthepriceequalsthemarginalcost.,参考资料：投入需求与产量供给,当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。,WhatCausestheLaborDemandCurvetoShift?什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？,OutputPrice产品价格TechnologicalChange技术变革SupplyofOtherfactors其他要素的供给,TheSupplyofLabor,Thelaborsupplycurvereflectshowworkersdecisionsaboutthelabor-leisuretradeoffrespondtochangesinopportunitycost.Anupward-slopinglaborsupplycurvemeansthatanincreaseinthewagesinducesworkerstoincreasethequantityoflabortheysupply.,劳动供给,劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据机会成本的变动作出劳动闲暇权衡取舍的决策。向上倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着，工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳动量。,Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarket劳动市场的均衡,Supply供给,Wage(priceoflabor)工资（劳动的价格）,QuantityofLabor劳动量,0,WhatCausestheLaborSupplyCurvetoShift?什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？,ChangesinTastes嗜好变动ChangesinAlternativeOpportunities可供选择机会的改变Immigration移民,EquilibriumintheLaborMarket劳动市场的均衡,Thewageadjuststobalancethesupplyanddemandforlabor.工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。Thewageequalsthevalueofthemarginalproductoflabor.工资等于劳动的边际产量值。,Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarket,Copyright2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearning,Wage,(priceof,labor),0,Quantityof,Labor,图4.劳动市场的均衡,供给,工资(劳动的价格),劳动量,0,需求,EquilibriumintheLaborMarket劳动市场的均衡,Laborsupplyandlabordemanddeterminetheequilibriumwage.劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。Shiftsinthesupplyordemandcurveforlaborcausetheequilibriumwagetochange.劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工资变动。,Figure5AShiftinLaborSupply,Copyright2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearning,Wage,(priceof,labor),0,Quantityof,Labor,图5.劳动供给的移动,W1,0,L1,供给,S1,需求,AShiftinLaborSupply,Anincreaseinthesupplyoflabor:Resultsinasurplusoflabor.Putsdownwardpressureonwages.Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Resultsindiminishingmarginalproduct.Lowersthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.,劳动供给的移动,劳动供给移动:导致劳动过剩；引起工资下降的压力；使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；导致工人的边际产量递减；降低了边际产量值；达到新的均衡。,Figure6AShiftinLaborDemand,Copyright2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearning,Wage,(priceof,labor),0,Quantityof,Labor,图6.劳动需求的移动,W1,0,L1,供给,需求,D1,ShiftsinLaborDemand,Anincreaseinthedemandforlabor:Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Putsupwardpressureonwages.Raisesthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.,劳动需求的移动,劳动需求的移动:使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；引起工资上升的压力；提高了边际产量值；得到新的均衡。,Table2ProductivityandWageGrowthintheUnitedStates.,Copyright2004South-Western,表2.美国的生产率与工资增长,ProductivityandWageGrowtharoundtheWorld,世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增长,ThreeDeterminantsofProductivity,PhysicalCapitalWhenworkersworkwithalargerquantityofequipmentandstructures,theyproducemore.HumanCapitalWhenworkersaremoreeducated,theyproducemore.TechnologicalKnowledgeWhenworkershaveaccesstomoresophisticatedtechnologies,theyproducemore.,生产率的三个决定因素,物质资本当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们生产的就越多。人力资本当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。技术知识当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越多。,OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapital,Capitalreferstothestockofequipmentandstructuresusedforproduction.Theeconomyscapitalrepresentstheaccumulationofgoodsproducedinthepastthatarebeingusedinthepresenttoproducenewgoodsandservices.,其它生产要素:土地和资本,资本是指生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品和劳务的过去生产的物品的积累。,OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapital,PricesofLandandCapitalThepurchasepriceiswhatapersonpaystoownafactorofproductionindefinitely.Therentalpriceiswhatapersonpaystouseafactorofproductionforalimitedperiodoftime.,其它生产要素:土地和资本,土地和资本的价格购买价格是一个人为了无限期地拥有那些生产要素而支付的价格。租赁价格是一个人为了在一个有限时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价格。,EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapital,Therentalpriceoflandandtherentalpriceofcapitalaredeterminedbysupplyanddemand.Thefirmincreasesthequantityhireduntilthevalueofthefactorsmarginalproductequalsthefactorsprice.,土地和资本市场的均衡,土地与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需求决定的。企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边际产量值等于要素的价格时为止。,Figure7TheMarketsforLandandCapital,Quantityof,Land,0,Rental,Priceof,Land,Quantityof,Capital,0,Rental,Priceof,Capital,(a)TheMarketforLand,(b)TheMarketforCapital,图7.土地和资本市场,土地量,资本量,Q,Q,P,P,0,0,土地的租赁价格,资本的租赁价格,需求,需求,供给,供给,(a)土地市场,(b)资本市场,EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapital,Eachfactorsrentalpricemustequalthevalueoftheirmarginalproduct.Theyeachearnthevalueoftheirmarginalcontributiontotheproductionprocess.,土地和资本市场的均衡,每种要素的租赁价格一定等于那种要素的边际产量值。每种要素各自赚到了它们对生产过程的边际贡献的价值。,LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction,Factorsofproductionareusedtogether.Themarginalproductofanyonefactordependsonthequantitiesofallfactorsthatareavailable.,生产要素之间的联系,在大多数情况下，生产要素组合在一起使用。任何一种要素的边际产量依赖于其它要素的可获得量。,LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction生产要素之间的联系,Achangeinthesupplyofonefactoralterstheearningsofallthefactors.任何一种生产要素的变化都会改变所有要素的收入。,LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction生产要素之间的联系,Achangeinearningsofanyfactorcanbefoundbyanalyzingtheimpactoftheeventonthevalueofthemarginalproductofthatfactor.通过分析某个事件对那种要素边际产量值的影响来找出任何一种要素收入的变化。,Summary,Theeconomysincomeisdistributedinthemarketsforthefactorsofproduction.Thethreemostimportantfactorsofproductionarelabor,land,andcapital.Thedemandforafactor,suchaslabor,isaderiveddemandthatcomesfromfirmsthatusethefactorstoproducegoodsandservices.,小结,经济的收入是在生产要素市场上分配的。三个最重要的生产要素是劳动、土地和资本。要素需求（例如劳动）是一种派生需求，它产生于用这些要素生产物品与劳务的企业。,Summary,Competitive,profit-maximizingfirmshireeachfactoruptothepointatwhichthevalueofthemarginalproductofthefactorequa