墓地挽歌 the elegy written in a country churchyard

ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,主讲：王菲菲ppt:王瑜,ThomasGray(26December171630July1771)wasanEnglishpoet,letter-writer,classicalscholarandprofessoratCambridgeUniversity.,ThomasGray,Sentimentalism感伤主义,SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.1.Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsofpity,tenderness,andbenevolenceoversocialduties.2.Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethesimpleannalsofthepoor”.,GraveyardSchoolPoet墓园诗派,TheGraveyardpoetswereagroupofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsinthe18thcentury.Theirworksmainlyfocusonthethemesofmortality,deathandbereavement.Theirpoemsdescribethephysicalmanifestationsofdeath,evokesubjectiveresponseslikefearandhorror,andcontemplatethephenomenaconnectedwithdeathlikedarkness,tombandghosts.,ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,Thepoemwasfirstpublishedin1751.Graymay,however,havebegunwritingthepoemin1742,shortlyafterthedeathofhisclosefriendRichardWest.Anelegyisapoemwhichlamentsthedead.GraysElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardisnoteworthyinthatitmournsthedeathnotofgreatorfamouspeople,butofcommonmen.Thepoeminvokestheclassicalideaofmementomori,aLatinphrasewhichstatesplainlytoallmankind,Rememberthatyoumustdie.Inthispoem,thegraveyardactsasamementomori,remindingthenarratortonotplacetoomuchvalueonthislifebecausesomedayhetoowillbedeadandburied.,TheStyle,ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardiswritteninheroicquatrain四行诗.Aquatrainisafour-linestanza.Heroicquatrainsrhymeinanababpatternandarewritteniniambicpentameter抑扬五音步.Forinstance,thefirstlineofGraysElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard:TheCur/fewtolls/theknell/ofpart/ingday.Tryreadingthelinealoud:itsregular,steadyrhythmhelpstocreateacalmandquietmoodoneappropriatetothemeditativenatureofthispoem.,The1ststanza,Inthefirststanza,thespeakerobservesthesignsofacountrydaydrawingtoaclose:acurfewbellringing,aherdofcattlemovingacrossthepasture,andafarmlaborerreturninghome.Thespeakeristhenleftalonetocontemplatetheisolatedruralscene.Thefirstlineofthepoemsetsadistinctlysombertone:thecurfewbelldoesnotsimplyring;itknellsatermusuallyappliedtobellsrungatadeathorfuneral.,TombofThomasGrayinStokePogesChurchyard,晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。,The2ndstanza,苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退，一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰，只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞，昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。Thesecondstanzasustainsthesombertoneofthefirst:thespeakerisnotmournful,butpensive沉思的,ashedescribesthepeacefullandscapethatsurroundshim.Eventheairischaracterizedashavingasolemnstillness.,The3rdstanza,只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦，怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家，搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。Thesoundofanowlhooting叫声intrudesupontheeveningquiet.Wearetoldthattheowlcomplains.,Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyoerthelea,Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。,ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds;苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退，一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰，只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞，昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。,Savethatfromyonderivy-mantledtowrThemopingowldoestothemooncomplainOfsuchas,wandringnearhersecretbowr,Molestherancientsolitaryreign.只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦，怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家，搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。,Beneaththoseruggedelms,thatyew-treesshade,Whereheavestheturfinmanyamouldringheap,Eachinhisnarrowcellforeverlaid,TherudeForefathersofthehamletsleep.峥嵘的榆树底下，扁柏的荫里，草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆，各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体，小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。,Thebreezycallofincense-breathingMorn,Theswallowtwittringfromthestraw-builtshed,Thecocksshrillclarion,ortheechoinghorn,Nomoreshallrousethemfromtheirlowlybed.香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召，燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃，公鸡的尖喇叭，使山鸣谷应的猎号再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。,Forthemnomoretheblazinghearthshallburn,Orbusyhousewifeplyhereveningcare:Nochildrenruntolisptheirsiresreturn,Orclimbhiskneestheenviedkisstoshare.在他们，熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧，忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活；孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到，为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。,Oftdidtheharvesttotheirsickleyield,Theirfurrowoftthestubbornglebehasbroke:Howjocunddidtheydrivetheirteamafield!Howbowdthewoodsbeneaththeirsturdystroke!往常是：他们一开镰就所向披靡，顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟；他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地！他们一猛砍，树木就一棵棵低头！,LetnotAmbitionmocktheirusefultoil,Theirhomelyjoys,anddestinyobscure;NorGrandeurhearwithadisdainfulsmileTheshortandsimpleannalsofthepoor.“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳，家常的欢乐，默默无闻的命运；“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。,Theboastofheraldry,thepompofpowr,Andallthatbeauty,allthatwealtheergave,Awaitsalikethinevitablehour:Thepathsofgloryleadbuttothegrave.门第的炫耀，有权有势的煊赫，凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处，前头都等待着不可避免的时刻：光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。,Bye,thomasgray,sonofanexchangbroker,befriendedtwobestnovelists.oneofthemdied,thedeathofhisfriendcausedthomasgrayyearsofdeepgrief.hetouredtheeuropeancontinentwiththeotherfriend.theywenttothelakedistrictinsearchofthesublimeandthebeautiful.hewasbynatureaquietman.hismasterpiecethegraveyardschoolestabishedhisfameasthepoetlaureateship.buthedeclinedthesocialactivitiesandledanuneventfullifeofascholarallhislife.incontrasttothoseprofesssionalwriters.hisliteraryoutputwassmall.oneofhispoemswashymntoadversity.hewasaconscientiousartistinhisday.hispoemswerecharacterizedbyanexqusitesenseofform.hisstylewassophisticatedandallusive.thetraitofhispoemswasadistortedwordorder.,这首诗充分体现了格雷的民主思想。由于贫困，农民不能发挥自己的才能，不能成为像弥尔顿JohnMilton那样的文学家，像克伦威尔OliverCromwell那样的政治家。但是从另一方面说，在他们身上没有“野心”，“傲慢”，“骄”“奢”和“谄媚”。他们虽然“贫瘠”，没有知识，但却有“德性”和“天良”，他们是自然本身。这样的思想和弥漫于全诗的感伤情调，使墓园挽歌ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard(1750)成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典范之作。,Thepoembeginsinachurchyardwithanarratorwhoisdescribinghissurroundingsinvividdetail.Thenarratoremphasisesbothauralandvisualsensationsasheexaminestheareainrelationtohimself:Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,ThelowingherdwindslowlyoertheleaTheploughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.Nowfadestheglimmringlandscapeonthesight,Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds;Savethatfromyonderivy-mantledtowrThemopingowldoestothemooncomplainOfsuch,aswandringnearhersecretbowr,Molestherancientsolitaryreign.(lines112)Asthepoemcontinues,thenarratorbeginstofocuslessonthecountrysideandmoreonhisimmediatesurroundings.Hisdescriptionsbegintomovefromsensationstohisownthoughtsaboutthedead.Asthepoemchanges,thenarratorbeginstoemphasisewhatisnotpresentinthescene;hecontrastsanobscurecountrylifewithalifethatisremembered.Thiscontemplationprovokesthenarratorsthoughtsonwastethatcomesinnature:Fullmanyagemofpurestrayserene,Thedarkunfathomdcavesofoceanbear:Fullmanyaflowrisborntoblushunseen,Andwasteitssweetnessonthedesertair.Somevillage-Hampden,thatwithdauntlessbreastThelittletyrantofhisfieldswithstood;SomemuteingloriousMiltonheremayrest,SomeCromwellguiltlessofhiscountrysblood.Theapplauseoflisteningsenatestocommand,Thethreatsofpainandruintodespise,Toscatterplentyoerasmilingland,Andreadtheirhistryinanationseyes,Theirlotforbade:norcircumscribdaloneTheirgrowingvirtues,buttheircrimesconfind;Forbadetowadethroughslaughtertoathrone,Andshutthegatesofmercyonmankind,Thestrugglingpangsofconscioustruthtohide,Toquenchtheblushesofingenuousshame,OrheaptheshrineofLuxuryandPrideWithincensekindledattheMusesflame.(lines5372)Thenarratorfocusesontheinequitiesthatcomefromdeath,obscuringindividuals,whilehebeginstoresignhimselftohisowninevitablefate.Asthepoemends,thenarratorbeginstodealwithdeathinadirectmannerashediscusseshowhumansdesiretoberemembered.Asthenarratordoesso,thepoemshiftsandthefirstnarratorisreplacedbyasecondwhodescribesthedeathofthefirst:Forthee,whomindfulofthunhonourdDeadDostintheselinestheirartlesstalerelate;Ifchance,bylonelycontemplationled,Somekindredspiritshallinquirethyfate,Haplysomehoary-headedswainmaysay,OfthaveweseenhimatthepeepofdawnBrushingwithhastystepsthedewsawayTomeetthesunupontheuplandlawn.(lines93100)Thepoemconcludeswithadescriptionofthepoetsgrave,overwhichthenarratorismeditating,togetherwithadescriptionoftheendofthepoetslife:ThereatthefootofyondernoddingbeechThatwreathesitsoldfantasticrootssohigh,Hislistlesslengthatnoontidewouldhestretch,Andporeuponthebrookthatbabblesby.Hardbyyonwood,nowsmilingasinscorn,Muttringhiswaywardfancieshewouldrove,Nowdrooping,woefulwan,likeoneforlorn,Orcrazdwithcare,orcrossdinhopelesslove.OnemornImissdhimonthecustomdhill,Alongtheheathandnearhisfavritetree;Anothercame;noryetbesidetherill,Norupthelawn,noratthewoodwashe;ThenextwithdirgesdueinsadarraySlowthrothechurch-waypathwesawhimborne.Approachandread(forthoucanstread)thelay,Gravdonthestonebeneathyonagedthorn.(lines101116)Anepitaphisincludedaftertheconclusionofthepoem.Theepitaphrevealsthatthepoetwhosegraveisthefocusofthepoemwasunknownandobscure.Thepoetwasseparatedfromtheothercommonpeoplebecausehewasunabletojoinwiththecommonaffai