国际会计课件.ppt

Chapter4Selectedfinancialreportinganddisclosureissuesintheglobalcontext,一.Accountingforchangingprices(一).Generalpriceleveladjustedmodel(historicalcost/constantpurchasingpower)-一般物价水平计量模式（GPLA）四种计量模式是：历史成本/名义货币单位-传统计量模式历史成本/不变购买力货币单位-一般物价水平计量模式现行成本/名义货币单位-现行成本计量模式现行成本/不变购买力货币单位-现行成本不变币值会计物价变动会计模式,1Mainidea:Itinsistsonhistoricalcostprinciple.Itusespriceindextoconvertthehistoricalcostnominalamountsfromdifferenttimetoacommonpointoftime,generallyatthebalancesheetdate.Sothatallnumbersinthefinancialstatementsarereportedinmonetaryunitsofthesamepurchasingpower.,2.Procedure(选择资产负债表日作为不变购买力时期)(1)将balancesheetitems调整为12月产31日的美元价格1）Monetaryitems-cash,receivables,payables年初金额：Adjustmentfactor：年末CPI/年初CPI年末金额：unchanged2）Non-monetaryitems-Theymustbeadjustedtoreflectedtheeffectofinflation.Adjustmentfactor:年末CPI/购置时CPI,(2).IncomestatementitemsareadjustedtoUS$priceonDecember311)Revenues,expensesandincometax-theadjustmentfactorisCPIattheendoftheyear/averageCPI(becausetheyconstantlyoccurthroughouttheyear)2)costofgoodssold-年末CPI/平均CPI3)depreciationexpense,amortizationexpense-年末CPI/CPIatthedatewhentheassetswereacquired4)cashdividendspaidattheendoftheyearareunchanged.,(3)Computethenetmonetarygainsandlosses,Attention:1）在GPLA下计算货币性项目净额上的购买力损益是核心问题.2）GPLAsprocedure:A按一般物价水平的变动来调整以历史成本为基础的财务报表B确定货币性项目净额上的购买力损益C重编以不变购买力为基础的财务报表,Formula:1.年初netmonetaryitem=monetaryassetsmonetaryliabilities2.期末应当持有的货币性项目净额=年初货币性项目净额X年末CPI/年初CPI+年内增加额X年末CPI/年内平均CPI年内减少额X年末CPI/年内平均CPI3.Netmonetarygainsandlosses=期末应当持有的货币性项目净额期末实际持有的货币性项目净额4.GPLAbasisnetincome=GPLAnetoperatingincome+netmonetarygainor(GPLAnetoperatingincome-netmonetaryloss),Sol:1、netmonetaryitems(liabilities)atthebeginningofyear=740000-350000=390000Netadditions=(1260000-690000)-390000=monetaryitemsshouldbeheldattheendofyear=390000+180000=6175713.Netmonetarygainsandlosses=617571570000=47571（gains）,ThemonetaryassetsandliabilitiesofCowboyU.S.areasfollows:Generalpricelevelindex:January1,2012100Averagefor2012103December31,2012110,(1)Pleasecomputenetmonetaryasset/liabilitypositiononJan1,2012andDecember31,2012,thencalculateitschange2012.(2)Pleasecomputemonetarygain/lossonbeginningmonetaryasset/liabilityposition.(3)Pleasecomputemonetarygain/lossonchangefor2012.(4)Pleasecomputethenetmonetarygain/loss,thenjudgewhetherthecompanyexperiencednetmonetarylossorgainin2012.,Evaluation:TheGPLAmodelisanimprovementonthehistoricalcostmodel.Itconvertsnominalamounts(fromdifferentpointsoftimeandwithdifferentpurchasingpower)toaconstantpurchasingpowerataspecificpointintime.Weakness:Itdosenotconsiderthespecificpricechangesinthefixedassets,inventoriesandotherphysicalassetsownedbycompany.,Currentcostadjustedmodel(Currentcost/nominalpurchasingpower)(CCA),一CCA-ItispopularinBritishCommonwealthandEuropeancontinentalcountries.Basicidea:1.以现行成本为基础确定企业收益。2.持有损益计入所有者权益。C.F.一般物价水平会计：财务资本保全会计收益现行成本会计：实物资本保全经济收益,supplement,Holdinggainsandlosses,Balancesheet,MaterialCapitalMaintenance,Incomestatement,Holdinggainsandlosses,FinancialCapitalMaintenance,财务资本是指企业所有者投入企业的货币资本.实物资本是指企业的实物资产，反映企业实际具有的生产能力或经营能力,supplement,资产负债表中，除非货币性项目用现行成本计价外，其他所有货币性项目均不需进行调整。利润表中，除销售成本、折旧费外，其他收支项目的金额已经代表了该期间的现行成本，不需要进行调整，,二、BasicprocedureofCCA1.确定各种资产的现行成本2.计算成本变动资料，确定持有损益3.编制按现行成本计价的会计报表,Formula:1.NetincomeinCCA=operatingincome+realizedholdinggain+changeinunrealizedholdinggain2.Unrealizedholdinggain-企业期末持有资产的现行成本高于历史成本的差额Merchandise:COGS(CC)-COGS(HC)Fixedassets:Depreciationexpense(CC)-Depreciationexpense(HC)3.Realizedholdinggain-本期消耗资产的现行成本高于历史成本的差额Merchandise:Inventory(CC)Inventory(HC)Fixedassets:Bookvalue(CC)-Bookvalue(HC),三Evaluation1.Ittakesphysicalapproachtomeasuringwealthandincome.2.Weakness:(1)Forcertaintypesoffixedassets,determiningcurrentcostcanbehighlysubjective.(2)Forotherassets,currentcostmustbedifficulttoobtain.(3)Corporationsinequity-orientedcapitalmarketsareopposedtotheCCA,sinceittendstounderstatereportearnings.,Goodwillandintangibleassets,一Goodwill(一)Definition-Theexcessofthevalueofanongoingbusinessoverthevalueofidentifiablenetassetsofthebusiness.(一个持续经营企业的总价值超过单个可辨认资产净值加总的部分）e.g.management,reputationforquality/service,customer/employeeloyalty(non-quantifiablefactors)(二)twoquestionsrelatedtogoodwill1.Shoulditberecognizedasanassetonacorporatebalancesheet?Determinedby:(1)whetheritwillgeneratefutureeconomicbenefits.(2)Whetheritshistoricalcostcanbereliablycomputed.,2.Shouldrecognizedgoodwillbesystematicallyamortized?Proponent:Goodwillhasafinitelifeandwilllikelyerodeovertimeasconditionschange.Opponent:Ithasaninfinitelife.,二.Brands,PatentsandTrademarksAccordingtoaccountingpurpose:1.Unidentifiable(goodwill)2.Acquiredidentifiable(patents,licenses,trademarks)3.Internallygeneratedidentifiable(brands),capitalizeorexpenseR&Dcosts,Fromtheaccountingperspective,themainissueiswhethertocapitalizeorexpenseR&Dcosts.(一).R&Ddefinition(p101)(二)Differenttreatment1.US-expensed2.UK:(1)research-writtenoffagainstearnings(2)development-capitalized(meettheassetrecognitioncriteria)-expensed(dontmeettheassetrecognitioncriteria)3.Germany-expensedunlesstheyareforaspecificproduct,4.Sweden-capitalizedandamortizedoverafive-yearperiod5.TherevisedIASNo.38in1998Research-expensedimmediatelyDevelopment-expensed-capitalized(meetassetsrecognitioncriteria),Valueaddedstatement,ThevalueaddedstatementispresentedvoluntarilybycompaniesfromanumberofcountriesinContinentalEurope(i.e.Germany,France,Swedenetc.)aswellastheUSandcertaincountriesintheBritishCommonwealth(i.e.Australia,NewZealand)一.Background-withthedevelopmentofsituations,peoplehaverealizedthatthecontributionofacompanytosocietyisgreaterthanjusttheprofititearns.,二.AttitudeFor:Thevalueaddedstatementprovidestheimportantinformationofenterprisesproductivityandresourcesmanagementwhilethetraditionalfinancialstatementsdonot.(Theyonlymeasureanddisclosethefinancialsituation,financialbehaviorandoperatingincome.)Against:Themultinationalcorporationsworryabouttheexposureofcommercialsecretsandinformationoverload.,三.ComputationAvalueaddedstatementhastwoparts.1.Inthefirstpart,itcomputesthevalueaddedcreatedbyacompany.Valueadded=salesrevenuepaidtosuppliersformaterialsandservices=depreciation+salaries+interests+dividends+taxation+retainedearnings2.Inthesecondpart,itprovidesthewealthdistributionofvariousstakeholders(i.e.employee,investor,governmentetc.),四.Evaluation:1.Ittakesabroaderperspective.Becauseitconsidersallstakeholdersofthecompanyratherthanstockholders.2.Itpro