管理概論Chapter 4(ppt 22页)(英文).ppt

1,管理概論Chapter4FoundationofDecisionMaking,2,LearningOutcomes,Describethestepsindecision-makingprocess.Identifytheassumptionsofrationaldecision-makingmodel.Identifythetwotypesofdecisionproblemsandthetwotypesofdecisionsthatareusedtosolvethem.Defineheuristicsandexplainhowtheyaffectthedecision-makingprocess.Describetheadvantagesandthedisadvantagesofgroupdecision.,3,TheDecision-MakingProcess,4,Step1：Identificationofaproblem,Adiscrepancybetweenanexistinganddesiredstateofaffairs.,5,Step2：Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Amanagerhastoassesswhatfactorsarerelevantinhisdecision.,6,Step3：Allocationofweightstocriteria,Itisnecessarytoallocateweightstotheitemslistedinstep2inordertogivethemtheirrelativepriorityinthedecision.,Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,7,Step4：Developmentofalternatives,Noattemptismadeinthissteptoappraisethesealternatives,onlytolistthem.,Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,8,Step5：Analysisofalternatives,Eachalternativeisevaluatedbyappraisingitagainstthecriteria.,Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,9,Step6：Selectionofanalternative,Wemerelyhavetochoosethealternativethatgeneratedthehighestscoreinstep5.,Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,10,Step7：Implementationofthealternative,Thisstepisconcernedwithputtingthedecisionintoaction.,Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,11,Step8：Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,Thelaststepinthedecision-makingprocessappraisestheresultofdecisiontoseewhetherithascorrectedtheproblem.(Chapter13),Identificationofaproblem,Identificationofdecisioncriteria,Allocationofweightstocriteria,Developmentofalternatives,Analysisofalternatives,Selectionofanalternative,Implementationofthealternative,Evaluationofdecisioneffectiveness,12,MakingDecisions：TheRationalModel,Theproblemisclearandunambiguous.Asinglewell-definedgoalistobeachieved.Allalternativesandconsequencesareknown.Preferencesareclear.Preferencesareconstantandstable.Notimeorcostconstraintsexist.Finalchoicewillmaximizeeconomicpayoff.,13,ModificationoftheRationalModelBoundedRationality,Whatthemanagersdoisconstructsimplifiedmodelsthatextracttheessentialfeaturesfromproblemswithoutcapturingalloftheircomplexities.Adecisioninwhich“goodenough”solutionsareselected.,14,CommonErrorsareCommittedintheDecision-makingProcess,HeuristicsJudgmentshortcutsAvailabilityheuristicRepresentativeheuristicEscalationofcommitment,15,HowDoProblemsDiffer,Well-structuredproblemsStraightforward,familiar,easilydefinedproblems.Ill-structuredproblemsNewproblemsinwhichinformationisambiguousorincomplete.,16,HowDoDecisionsDiffer,ProgrammeddecisionArepetitivedecisionthatcanbehandledbyaroutineapproach.ProcedureRulePolicyNonprogrammeddecisionSuchdecisionsareuniqueandnonrecurring.,17,TypesofProblems,TypesofDecision,andLevelintheOrganization,Ill-Structured,Well-Structured,Typeofproblem,Top,Lower,Levelinorganization,Programmeddecisions,Nonprogrammeddecisions,18,DecisionMakingStyles,Analytic,Conceptual,Behavioral,Directive,High,Low,Rational,Intuitive,WayofThinking,ToleranceforAmbiguity,19,AdvantagesofGroupDecisionMaking,providemorecompleteinformationbringadiversityofexperienceandperspectivesgeneratemorealternativesincreasesacceptanceofasolutionincreaseslegitimacy,20,DisdvantagesofGroupDecisionMaking,time-consuminginefficientmembersofagroupareneverperfectlyequalpressurestoconform(groupthink)ambiguousresponsibility,21,ImproveGroupDecisionMaking,BrainstormingAnidea-generatingprocessthatencouragesalternativeswhil