Chap_01Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理

PrinciplesofEconomicsThirdEditionbyN.GregoryMankiw经济学原理（第三版）,BriefDescriptionAboutThisCourse,WhatdowemeanbyWesternEconomics?WesterneconomicsversusMarxismEconomics(politicaleconomy)Economics(ingeneral)AusefuldefinitionEconomicsisthestudyofhowasocietyallocatesscarceresourcesamongalternativeusestosatisfyhumanwantsBasicPrincipleinthiscourse,Whydowestudyeconomics?Understandthewaytheworldworks:Anusefulperspectivetoexplainvariousevents,includingeconomicpoliciesDeveloprationalthinking,guidingustomakecorrectindividualdecisionMakeconsistentjudgmentsoneconomicphenomenaBasicknowledgeforourmajorofbusinessandeconomics,WhatIsEconomicsLikeInterestingeconomics:ideaBoringeconomics:techniqueUsefuleconomics:AlanGreenspan,thechairmanoftheFedHowtostudyeconomics:AttendclassReadtextbook:guidedbyteachingDoexercisesRewriteyourclassnotesConsultinstructors,HowtousethistextbookGuidedbyclassnotesReorganizethecontentsinawayfriendlytoyourthinkingReadsummaryintheendofeachchapterCheckingtheglossaryintheendofthisbookRefertoothertextbooks,ReferenceTextbooksPaulSamuelsonandWilliam:EconomicsJ.Stiglitz:EconomicsGoodexamplesWilliamBaumolandAlanBlinder:Economics:PrinciplesandPolicy,CoursePolicyAttendingclassisstronglyrecommended,althoughnotrequiredEnglishisrequiredwhenwritingfinalexamFinalgradecomesmainlyfromyourperformanceinfinalexam.Sessiontestsormidtermtestsarealsocounted.Youarerequiredtoapplyeconomicstoexplainvariouseconomicphenomena,TenPrinciplesofEconomics经济学十大原理,Chapter1,Economy.经济,.ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”。,Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：,Whowillwork?谁去工作？Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？,Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：,Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?应该用什么资源生产？Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?物品的销售价格应该是多少？,SocietyandScarceResources:社会和稀缺资源：,Themanagementofsocietysresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。,Scarcity.稀缺,.meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。,Economics经济学,Economicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。,Economistsstudy.经济学家研究,Howpeoplemakedecisions.人们如何作出决策Howpeopleinteractwitheachother.人们如何与他人相互交易Theforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.影响整体经济的力量和趋势,TenPrinciplesofEconomics,Peoplefacetradeoffs.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.Peoplerespondtoincentives.,HowPeopleMakeDecisions,经济学十大原理,人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应,人们如何作出决策,TenPrinciplesofEconomics,Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.,HowPeopleInteractwitheachother,经济学十大原理,贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。,人们如何与他人相互交易,TenPrinciplesofEconomics,Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountrysproduction.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.,Theforcesandtrendsthataffecthowtheeconomyasawholeworks,经济学十大原理,一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。,影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势,Peoplefacetradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍,“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”天下没有免费的午餐,1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.,Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Gunsv.butterFoodv.clothingLeisuretimev.workEfficiencyv.equity,Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.,1.人们面临权衡取舍,为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。大炮vs.黄油食物vs.衣服休闲vs.工作效率vs.平等,作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍,1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.,Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.,Efficiencyv.Equity,1.人们面临权衡取舍,效率社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。平等社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。,效率与平等,2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.,Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.Whethertogotocollegeortowork?Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?,2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西,作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益上大学还是去工作?学习还是出去约会?去上课还是睡觉?,2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西,Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。,2.TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.,LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.,当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（KobeBryant）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（NBA）。,2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西,3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin理性人考虑边际量,Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。,Peoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。,4.Peoplerespondtoincentives.,Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternativesmarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!,4.人们会对激励作出反应,成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应。当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。,5.Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.,Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.Competitionresultsingainsfromtrading.Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.,5.贸易能使每个人状况变好,人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作。,6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.,Amarketeconomyisaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.Firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.,6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法,市场经济当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。,6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.,AdamSmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan“invisiblehand.”,6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法,亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。,6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.,Becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.Asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.,6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法,由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。,7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes政府有时能改善市场结果,Marketfailureoccurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.市场失灵市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。,7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.政府有时能改善市场结果,Whenthemarketfails(breaksdown)governmentcanintervenetopromoteefficiencyandequity.当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行干预以促进效率和平等。,7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes政府有时能改善市场结果,Marketfailuremaybecausedbyanexternality,whichistheimpactofonepersonorfirmsactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。,7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.,Marketfailuremayalsobecausedbymarketpower,whichistheabilityofasinglepersonorfirmtoundulyinfluencemarketprices.,7.政府有时能改善市场结果,市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力。市场势力是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。,8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountrysproduction.,Standardoflivingmaybemeasuredindifferentways:Bycomparingpersonalincomes.Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueofanationsproduction.,8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力,生活水平可以用不同的方式衡量:比较人均收入。比较一个国家产出的总的市场价值。,8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountrysproduction.,Almostallvariationsinlivingstandardsareexplainedbydifferencesincountriesproductivities.,8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力,几乎所有生活水平的差异都可以归因于各国生产率的差别。,8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountrysproduction.,Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworkerstime.,HigherproductivityHigherstandardofliving,8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力,生产率是指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。,高生产率高生活水平,9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.,Inflationisanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.Onecauseofinflationisthegrowthinthequantityofmoney.Whenthegovernmentcreateslargequantitiesofmoney,thevalueofthemoneyfalls.,9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升,通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平的上升。通货膨胀的一个原因是货币量的增长。当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值就下降。,10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.,ThePhillipsCurveillustratesthetradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment:InflationUnemploymentItsashort-runtradeoff!,10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍,菲利普斯曲线说明了通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍:通货膨胀失业这是短期权衡取舍。,Figure1ThePhillipsCurve,Unemployment,Rate(percent),0,Inflation,Rate,(percent,peryear),WhytheAggregate-SupplyCurveSlopesUpwardintheShortRun为什么短期中总供给曲线向右上方倾斜,TheMisperce