吴俭托福写作讲义

托福写作讲义吴俭Teaching Plan (10)第一次课n 托福写作考试整体介绍n 作文理论Briefingn 学习目的及课堂安排第二次课n 词法：30组托福经典词汇n 语法：20组常犯语法错误n 改错练习第三次课n 独立写作综述n Beginning Paragraph的写法第四次课n Topic Sentence的写法n How to develop sentence (1)第五次课n Supporting Ideas的写法第六次课n 解题思路的扩展与总结n 佳句赏析第七次课n 让步式的写法n How to develop sentence (2)第八次课n 结尾段的写法n 写作流程总结及思路培养第九次课n 综合写作综述n 综合写作阅读及听力技巧n 综合写作文章结构n 综合写作模板使用第十次课n 综合写作练习n 托福写作最新考题分析n 新托福考场备考策略及全攻略第一次课课程安排n 托福写作考试整体介绍n 作文理论Briefingn 学习目的及课堂安排u 托福作文考试简介50分钟/2篇作文（综合写作、独立写作） 综合写作（150字）5种关系（_） 独立写作（350字）3种出题方式3种基本话题u 作文理论Briefing作文考试目标6分作文的三个标准写作面临的2大困惑写作之中遵循的2个原则1. _2. _ 说明文（两段式） 议论文（三种传统理论） 传统段 对称式 让步式学习目的及课堂安排本课堂的学习内容1、2、3、4、第二次课课程安排n 词法：30组托福经典词汇n 语法：20组常犯语法错误n 改错练习雅思四大话题30组经典词组和句子1. action/activityThe police took immediate _when they realized the situation was getting out of hand.Economic_ stagnated as the recession took hold.2. advice/advise Can you_ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent _3. affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_ train services.4. appreciable/appreciative There is an_ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_ of our efforts to help.5. assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_ that it would help control spending.Its sheer_ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6. avoid/preventRapid government reforms managed to_ a revolution taking place.Hes always trying to_ taking a decision if he can help it.7. besides/besideThe office is just_ the railway station. _ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8. briefly/shortly _ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border post.The minister spoke _ about the need for political reform.9. channel/canal The television_ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez_ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10. conscientious/conscious_ workers always take their work seriously. Most people are_ of the need to protect the environment.11. continual/continuousA_ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us_ problems ever since we installed it.12. control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly_ kitchens and other food preparation areas.The government plans to_ the price of meat to make sure it doesnt go up too much.13. criticism/objectionsThey didnt raise any_ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The governments plan was met with severe _.14. damage/injury/harmIt was a severe _ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of_ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _ in working out the details right now. 15. during/for/whileShops were closed _ the duration of the conflict._the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes.The bomb went off_ the president was making his speech.16. however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. _, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement.The plan was excellent. _, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17. inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn _ amount of money was wasted. _ behavior makes life unpleasant for everybody.18. intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite _ The government is _ of other political parties.19. job/workEverybody has the right to a decent _ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _20. lay(s)/lie(s) The city of Guito _ near the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _ down some strict rules.21. look at /watchWe must _the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again.We need to _ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it.22. permission/permitIm afraid cant_ photography in here.They received _ to attend the sessions as long as they didnt interrupt.23. possibility/chanceThere is always the _ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _ of finding a cure for the disease.24. practice / practiceIts important to _your English whenever possible.You need more _ before you take the exam.25. priceless/worthless _ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors.At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became_26. principal/principleThe_ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.The countrys _ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the _ of nuclear physics.27. process/processionThe_ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating_28. raise/riseAs prices _ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to _ their fares.29. respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in_ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be _30. treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to _ patients with minor injures.They were unable to_ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be结构错误表达：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正确表达：2. 情态动词（情态动词必须加一个动词原形）错误表达：We should be take some effective measures.正确表达：3. 不一致不一致包括主谓不一致，也包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等错误表达：When one have money, he can do what he want to.正确表达：4. 时态问题错误表达：Some people argued that women should join the army.正确表达：5. 语态问题错误表达：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正确表达：6. 悬垂修饰语错误表达：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正确表达：错误表达：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultivated.正确表达：7. 词性使用错误表达：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正确表达：8. 介词短语加了句号错误表达：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正确表达：9. 句子不完整错误表达：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正确表达：10. 固定词组的搭配错误表达：There is a great deal of violence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正确表达：11. 指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致错误表达：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正确表达：12. such as和for example的区别错误表达：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.正确表达：错误表达：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正确表达：13. 逗号隔开了两个完整的句子错误表达：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正确表达：14. 用词不当是指在特定的句子中如何适当的选用词语的问题，我们在作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是错误表达：The use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正确表达：15. 不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不通顺错误表达：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正确表达：16. 名词单复数使用错误错误表达：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations.正确表达：17. 正式原则一般不能出现缩写形式错误表达：As is known to all, we cant do without advertisement.正确表达：特例：18. 大小写的错误每句开头第一个字母都得大写错误表达：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正确表达：19. 从句引导词错误错误表达：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species is the greatest charm in the world.正确表达：20. 介词使用不当错误表达：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正确表达：错误表达：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正确表达：Correction Exercises1. The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2. Dont put hand in pocket.3. Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.4. Last night was too cold.5. By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6. Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7. Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8. I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9. Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10. If you are convenient, please give me a hand.11. In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12. I forgot my watch at home.13. Smoking is harmful to your body.14. Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15. The two types of designs exist difference.16. The true fact is he never offers help to others.17. There are many people plan to study abroad.18. Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19. If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20. The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, they seldom do so.21. Today is very hot, I stay home.22. When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23. He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.24. Comparison with the performance of Linda, Kents performance is far from perfect.25. The big noise makes me cant sleep well.26. My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27. The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28. The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29. Smoking is harmful to ones body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it can increase the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30. The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31. People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32. Now people go abroad becomes very easy.33. Computer is a useful tool for student to learn English.34. Raising pets are good for old people and child.35. Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36. Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37. There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feel comfortably.38. Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39. It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40. Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41. However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial.42. Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43. On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyone has to admit that its disadvantages far overweight its advantages.44. I find myself difficult to work and study there due to my roommates inconsiderate behavior.45. I am very difficult to write essays in English.46. When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47. I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.48. Last year saw a rapid raise in the volume of output.49. A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50. I would like a single room to live and study.51. I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return back home immediately.52. I and my sister like pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53. They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54. The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55. After three days meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三次课课程安排n 独立写作综述n Beginning Paragraph的写法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（_）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards. I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction. Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why. Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to improve the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another, brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools cant very well match the requirements of this fast-developing and competitive world. (78)家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.第四次课课程安排n Topic Sentence的写法n How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主题句写作5步走：1、2、3、4、5、三个过程： 今天的重点是: Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.A好坏宏观宏观微观微观1、 确认关键词2、思维两分三种不同出题方式的思维两分图形。3、思维聚焦好：（宏观） （微观）坏：（宏观）（微观）4、简单句 5、润色How to develop sentences (1)1. 引导词目的： 使句子显得更加层次分明。用法是副词性，用于句首。起： 承： 转： 合： 2. 插入语目的：修饰动词，使观点更加的客观合理。用法是副词性，用于动词前。举例: 3. 定语从句目的：对句子中的名词进行修饰性的扩展和延伸，使主题词和关键词更加丰满和完善。举例：Sample 1: University Education的重要性Keyword：_简单句：改写为：递进练习：Sample 2: (103) In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer. When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question.Characteristic：补充练习：Question: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to improve the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Environment：宏观：微观： Public facilities：宏观： 微观： 家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.第五次课课程安排n Supporting Ideas的写法观点发展句的写法 ( Supporting Ideas)常见论据形式1. Reasoning2. Personal Experience3. Authentic Example4. Statistics5. Quotation6. Compare and Contrast7. Theory8. Scenariol Low-level: Examples（_原则）1、 For example, some months ago, a friend of mine was killed in a tragic automobile accident involving a drunk driver. The incident was far from rare, and was in fact typical of thousands of cases concerning people driving under the influence of alcohol.Question：University education provides the students with a variety of knowledge. Low-level的Sample answer2、 In school，we can learn all sorts of courses, for example, economics, laws, mathematics etc., which are not only interesting but useful for all the students. Meanwhile, there are many optional courses for students to audit too, such as, arts, music etc. so that we could be versatile and well-rounded in various fields.l High-level：FACTUAL（_原则）1、