reporting-verbs.ppt

Introduction,Haveyouevermeet?,Tom:“Doyoulikehaggis?”TomaskedmeifIlikedhaggis.(苏格兰将羊杂碎加麦片纳入羊胃中煮成的食物）Inacademicwriting,youwilloftenneedtorefertotheresearchofothers,alsocalledsecondarysources.,Wewilllatertalkaboutthesecondsituation.,Introduction,Inacademicwriting,itisimportanttopresentanargumentlogicallyandcohesively.YoumayberequiredtocommentonsomeonesworkagreeordisagreewithsomeoneelsesstudyevaluatesomeonesideasOftenyouwillbeassessedonyourabilitytodemonstratetheseskills.,Introduction,ItisrepetitiveandboringtowriteSmithsays.overandoveragain.Smith:“Iamveryhungry.”Smithsaidhewasveryhungry.Smithtoldmehewasveryhungry.,Introduction,Whatisit?,AReportingVerbisawordwhichisusedtotalkaboutorreportonotherpeopleswork.Thedifficultyisthattherearemany,andeachofthemhasaslightlydifferentandsubtlemeaning.,Basicthings,Fortunately,thereisawidechoiceofreportingverbsinEnglish.ReportingVerbscanindicateeithertheauthorspersonalviewpointyourviewpointregardingwhattheauthorsays,ortheauthorsviewpointregardingotherliterature,Herearesomeexamples:Nualnetr2(1996)pointsoutthegapbetweenwhatiswidelyknownandwhatisstillconjectureinthephysiology(生理学)ofaging.Shewarns,“Itshouldbenotedthat”.Roszak(1986)discussesthelimitationsPascarelli&Quilter3(1994)contendthatitis“almostimpossibletokeepabreastofalltheadvancesinmedicine”(p.9).Gibbschallengesthosewhoassumetheyarefullyawareofwhattheyarecommunicating,assertingthatthismustneverhappen(citedinDonn&Schick,1995)4.,Basicthings,Basicthings,Tointerpretthewritersideasaccurately,however,youwillneedtouseaverbwiththecorrectnuance（正确的细微差别）(senseofmeaning).RefertoanEnglishdictionarytocheckthatyouhavetherightverbfortherightcontext.,DifferentReportingVerbs,Someverbsareweakerintheirfunction,whileothersarestrong.Someverbsarefollowedbyaprepositionwhileothersarefollowedbyanounorthat.Formal&LessFormalWordsExpressViewpointGrammaticalPatternMeaningDifference,Formal&LessFormalWords,AccordingtoInsistsAddsMaintainsAffirmsMentionsAgreesNotes,FeelsThinksSays,ChallengesPresentsClaimsProposesClarifiesProvesCommentsQuestions,DifferentReportingVerbs,Someverbsareweakerintheirfunction,whileothersarestrong.Someverbsarefollowedbyaprepositionwhileothersarefollowedbyanounorthat.Formal&LessFormalWordsExpressViewpointGrammaticalPatternMeaningDifference,ExpressViewpoint,Inacademicwritingyouwilloftenneedtodescribewhataresearcherhasdoneintheirresearch.Theseverbsmaybeusefultohelpyoudothat,theyareobjectiveandnon-judgementalastheyaremerelyreferringtotheprocess.,ExpressViewpoint,Somereportingverbsmakeitclearthattheresearchhasbuilton/takenforwardpreviousstudies.Thisisimportantinformationforthereadersastheyareabletoappreciatethecontextandvalueoftheresearch.,ExpressViewpoint,Youcanshowthatyouacknowledgethefactthattheresearchistentativeatthisstagebychoosingreportingverbssuchas:,ExpressViewpoint,Youmaywishtoshowthatyouagreewiththewriter/researcher:Youmightneedtoshowthatyoudoubt/disagreewiththewriterandtakeacriticalpositionoftheirfindings/writing.,DifferentReportingVerbs,Someverbsareweakerintheirfunction,whileothersarestrong.Someverbsarefollowedbyaprepositionwhileothersarefollowedbyanounorthat.Formal&LessFormalWordsExpressViewpointGrammaticalPatternMeaningDifference,ExpressViewpoint,Themostcommontypeofreportingverbsareneutralandsimplyreporttheresearchthathasbeenconducted.Example:Onestudentcommentedthatshepreferredliteraturetosocialscience.,GrammaticalPattern,GrammaticalPattern,GrammaticalPattern,Exercise1,Remembertocheckthetenseyouuseforyourreportingverb.Somesituationspreferpresenttensewhileotherspreferpasttense.,Exercise1,Boynton(1982,p.79)warnsthereaderthatordinarychocolateistoofrailtowithstandheat,moistureandproximitytobakedbeans.Hanks(2004,p.257)definesanidiomasanexpressionwhosemeaning.isdistinctfromthesumofitsparts.Smith(2005)disagreeswithFry(2003)whenshemaintainsthatmanystudentshavetroublewithreportingverbs.Somepeoplesubscribetotheideathatchocolateisunhealthy,butBoyntons(1982)bookrefutesthisclaim.Thispaperinvestigatestheeffectsofalcoholonmemoryandstressesthatfurtherresearchbedoneasamatterofurgency.,Exercise1,Boynton(1982,p.79)warnsthereaderthatordinarychocolateistoofrailtowithstandheat,moistureandproximitytobakedbeans.Hanks(2004,p.257)definesanidiomasanexpressionwhosemeaning.isdistinctfromthesumofitsparts.Smith(2005)disagreeswithFry(2003)whenshemaintainsthatmanystudentshavetroublewithreportingverbs.Somepeoplesubscribetotheideathatchocolateisunhealthy,butBoyntons(1982)bookrefutesthisclaim.Thispaperinvestigatestheeffectsofalcoholonmemoryandstressesthatfurtherresearchbedoneasamatterofurgency.,Exercise1,B:Ididnotsaythatsheepwerefasterthanhorses.Bdeniedsayingthatsheepwerefasterthanhorses.D:IsupportAspositiononcatsanddogs.DagreedwithAspositiononcatsanddogs.F:Aftermuchresearch,Ivefoundthatpigscantfly.Fconcludedthatpigscouldnotfly.,Exercise1,G:OnmytravelsinthejungleIfoundanewtypeoffrog.Gdiscoveredanewtypeoffroginthejungle.H:Ithinkitunlikelythatcatscanlearntotalk.Hdoubtedthatcatscouldlearntotalk.I:Somebodyshouldcomparemousebehaviorwithratbehavior.Isuggestedthatcatandmousebehaviorshouldbecompared.J:Theremaybealinkbetweenhealthandtheseasons.Jhypothesizedthattheremightbealinkbetweenhealthandtheseasons.,DifferentReportingVerbs,Someverbsareweakerintheirfunction,whileothersarestrong.Someverbsarefollowedbyaprepositionwhileothersarefollowedbyanounorthat.Formal&LessFormalWordsExpressViewpointGrammaticalPatternMeaningDifference,MeaningDifference,Itisimportant,however,toknowthemeaningoftheverbyouchoosetouse.Consultadictionaryifneededinordertoknowexactlywhattheymean.Considertheexamplesbelow:Fullerton(1993)observesthattheprocedureisharmfultoanimals.However,Smith(2007)ignorestheeffectofnoisepollutiononinfantsandtoddlers.Souza(2002)statesthatmanyconsumershavesuedtobaccocompaniesforhealth-relateddamagescausedbycigarettes.,MeaningDifference,Thefollowingtablewillassistyouinunderstandingthemeaning(s)associatedwitheachoftheverbsbelow:,Exercise2,Whilealotofreportingverbscanbeusedneutrally,othersconveystrongmeaningandreflectthewritersjudgmentofhis/hersources.,Exercise2,Choosetheverbthatbestcompletesthesentenceandconveystheideaexpressedinparenthesis.Yourchoicemightalsobeconditionedbysentencestructure.1.Inhisstudy,Smith(1987)theadvancementspreviouslyachievedbyGestaltpsychologists(recognition).A-ignoresB-findsC-acknowledgesD-states,Exercise2,Choosetheverbthatbestcompletesthesentenceandconveystheideaexpressedinparenthesis.Yourchoicemightalsobeconditionedbysentencestructure.1.Inhisstudy,Smith(1987)CtheadvancementspreviouslyachievedbyGestaltpsychologists(recognition).A-ignoresB-findsC-acknowledgesD-states,Exercise2,Choosetheverbthatbestcompletesthesentenceandconveystheideaexpressedinparenthesis.Yourchoicemightalsobeconditionedbysentencestructure.2.Clyde(2005)avarietyofsolutionstotheissueofGlobalWarming(suggestion).A-proposesB-findsC-disregardsD-throwslighton,Exercise2,Choosetheverbthatbestcompletesthesentenceandconveystheideaexpressedinparenthesis.Yourchoicemightalsobeconditionedbysentencestructure.2.Clyde(2005)AavarietyofsolutionstotheissueofGlobalWarming(suggestion).A-proposesB-findsC-disregardsD-throwslighton,Exercise2,Choosetheverbthatbestcompletesthesentenceandconveystheideaexpressedinparenthesis.Yourchoicemightalsobeconditionedbysentencestructure.3.Previousstudiesonsocializationthatchildrenhavebecomelessengagedinsocialactivities(result).A-stateB-claimedC-addD-concluded,Exerc