划分句子成分

一、句子成分的定义句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个清晰完整的意思。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语和补语。句子成分是在句子中起一定功用的组成部分，包括主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表等。句子本身的结构是很简单的，只不过是结构套结构。英语句子成分和英语句子结构主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） . 宾语(object)：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend. (副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage.（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）二、句子成分划分的种类句子成分划分主要是对句子中的词、短语和从句进行划分。1.词的划分：如：1）Xiao Ming bought a beautiful flower. 主 谓 定 定宾 2）What I said is that you are kind.主从 系 表从从句再分: what I said 宾主 谓that you are kind 连接词 主 系 表一般来说，根据词性来划分词在句子中充当的成分是比较容易的，如：名词可以在句子中充当主语，宾语，表语等。动词只能表示谓语的各种形式；形容词多作定语和表语，用来描述人或事物的性质、特征、状态等等。2.短语划分：划分词组在句子中充当的成分较词稍难，因为词组在句子中的位置不确定，单个词作定语的时候，一般放在所修饰词的前面，如clear water,而短语作定语时位置正相反，一定要放到所修饰词的后面作后置定语，如the boy under the tree ( 树下的男孩)，其中非谓语动词短语作定语，其本身又表示一定的意义：如：doing sth. 表示主动，进行的意思。 done 表示被动完成的意思。 to do 放于句首表目的，作定语表示将来。例：1）With the workers working in the factory, I paid a visit to it. 2) With the problem settled, I can go out to play. 3) To be energetic tomorrow, Ill go to bed earlier tonight. 4) With the problem to solve, the newly elected Mayor will have a hard time.句子1）中 working表示主动意义，其逻辑主语是workers，同时，根据句子的意思也表示进行的意义；句子2）中根据句意我们应选择用过去分词settled来表示被动和完成的含义；句子3）中不定式位于句首表目的；句子4）中我们选用不定式to solve来表示将来要去做的事情，其逻辑主语为the mayor;。当然，非谓语动词除了可以作定语，状语，还可以在句子中充当主语，宾语，表语和补语等。如：1）Tostudy English well is important. 主语为了避免句子头重脚轻，我们通常用it代替不定式作形式主语。即：It is important to study English well.形式主语 真正的主语2) I like swimming in this pool. 宾语3）My car is broken by my friend. 表语4）I see the egg eaten by the snake. 补语3.从句划分：句子成分划分中最难的就是由多个单句组成的复合句，尤其是定语从句和四大名词性从句。如：I think what I want to tell you now is that I should tell you the reason why I came late for the concert which was held by the famous musician who support the idea that everyone is equal before music. what在句子中引导宾语从句，同时在宾语从句中what引导主语从句，并在从句中充当tell的直接宾语；that用在is之后引导表语从句；why引导定语从句并在从句中充当状语；which引导定语从句并在从句中充当主语；who引导定语从句并在从句中充当主语；that引导的从句来解释idea，所以是同位语从句。三、划分技巧句子成分的划分纷繁复杂，但只要我们掌握方法，用心去做，勤学善思，问题也就迎刃而解了。 主谓宾定状补， 枝叶主干分清楚，定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。这是一段汉语句子成分划分的顺口溜，我们把它稍作修改就可以应用到英语中。如：状（定）主（定） 状 谓 状 （定）宾（定）补 状一般来讲，状语的位置比较灵活，可置于句首，句中和句末；单个词通常作前置定语，短语和句子作后置定语；补语的位置不变。1.词性划分成分划分，对于词性的掌握也是非常必要的。例如，名词可作主语，宾语，表语等，动词要做谓语，介词后要接宾语，连词要连接平衡的词或短语，还可以连接句子，构成各种从句。了解了这些之后，我们就可以把英语单词按照这些规则进行排列，如：a clever girl 中间是形容词，后面是名词，前面一定是限定词a clever girl前面是冠词，后面是名词，中间一定是形容词a clever girl前面是冠词，中间是形容词，后面一定是名词2.短语规则：对于短语的使用规则，我们也可以总结，如：所有的短语作定语都要放在所修饰词的后面，如：The girl in the red is my sister.穿红衣服的那个女孩是我妹妹（1）分词短语作定语后置，相当于定语从句。I admire people speaking English.= I admire people who speak English.= I admire people. People speak English.（2）分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语与主句的主语一致。Seeing from the window, I saw a bird.= I saw from the window; I saw a bird.= When I saw from the window, I saw a bird.Seen from the window, a bird was small.= A bird was seen from the window; a bird was small= When the bird was seen from the window, it was small3从句特点划分：对于定语从句和四大名词性从句的划分，我们要以谓语为中心，首先明确各个成分在句子中的的位置，然后把从句看作一个整体，把定语从句看作一个形容词，放在所修饰词的后面，把四大名词性从句看作名词。如：1. The girl who is in the red is my sister. =adj.2. What I said is right.= n.3. I think that you are very kind. = n.4. The reason is that you are late. = n.5. The fact that I won the game makes me excited. = n.所有的从句都有一个特点，那就是它一定要有一个引导词，这个引导词可以是代词、副词或连词。如：1. I like the place where I was born. 连接作用、状语2. The fact that I won the game makes me excited.连接作用3. What I said is right.连接作用、主语四、实际应用1.语法填空如：(1)I like the place _ I was born.在填空前，根据各种从句的特征，我们首先明确这是个定语从句，再看横线后面的句子是否完整，完整就缺副词，不完整就缺代词。I was born.是个完整的句字，所以应选择副词（when wherewhy）,最后还要看横线前面的词，place表示地点，所以应填where，把句子还原应为I was born in the place, 就划线部分提问应用where来代替in the place, 在从句中充当状语。(2)The fact _I won the game makes me excited.首先找出句子的主干，the fact为主语，makes为谓语，从句_I won the game解释 the fact的内容,作同位语。再看从句中各种成分完整，句中也不缺少时间、地点、原因及方式的意义，故选连词that。（3）I know _he said.句中出现两个谓语动词，此句为复合句，那么哪个动词作主句的谓语呢？根据句意及结构know应为主句谓语，并缺少自己的宾语，而从句中谓语said