毕业论文之城市社区居民垃圾分类的影响因素研究外文文献

精选文库Comparison research on waste classification between China and the EU, Japan, and the USAAbstract Waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. A good waste classification system is the foundation and precondition for efficient waste management. In this paper, waste classification systems in China, the EU, Japan and the USA are reviewed for collection, transportation and treatment sectors. Comparison analysis results show that waste classification methods are diversified and process-oriented classification, substance-oriented and hazardous properties classification principles are widely adopted for waste generation and transportation. For waste treatment process, all the countries and regions adopt similar classification methods based on follow-up treatment process. In general, the EU and Japan all have established their own integrated waste classification system. However, the EUs macromicro integration waste classification systems are more suitable for China to learn which process-oriented waste classification is used for declaration and registration at the micro-level and substance-oriented waste classification system for environmental statistics at the macro-level.Keywords: Waste classification; Process-oriented; Source-oriented; Hazardous property ; Environmental management Introduction In China, waste means articles and substances in solid, semi-solid, or gaseous state in containers that are the result of production, living and other activities and have lost their original use values or are discarded or abandoned though havent yet lost use values, and articles and substances that are included into the management of solid wastes upon the strength of administrative regulations 1. Although definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories among different countries or regions have slight differences, waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. Integrated waste management may include source separation, collection, transportation and treatment activities. Among the activities of waste management, one of the most important issues is waste classification. Waste classification is the process by which waste is assigned to one or more classes based on its properties, characteristics, components or other properties. Most countries and regions have developed their own waste classification systems. Although different waste classification systems exist in the EU, Japan, the USA and China, there is one worldwide used classification, namely, the Basel Convention including classification for hazardous waste and nonhazardous waste 2. Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing nations. A good waste classification system is the foundation and precondition for efficient waste management. When hazardous waste is transported within a country, it will be accompanied by a hazardous waste transfer manifest with waste codes. China faces great challenges on waste management due to massive wastes thanks to the countrys fast development, mass production and consumption. Comprehensive waste classification systems in China have not been developed yet. Imperfect classification systems have resulted in a series of management problems, for example, there exists a blind zone in regulations for some new emerging wastes which are not covered by the current classification system and environmental statistics data cannot reflect the real situation. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct comprehensive research on waste classification systems based on environmental management. In this paper, waste classification principles and systems from typical developed countries and regions such as the EU, Japan and the USA for waste generation, transportation and treatment are reviewed and analyzed. Relevant recommendations on improving Chinas waste classification systems are proposed based on comparison analysis between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA.Waste classification principles The following principles are fundamental to the design and implementation of waste classification: systematicness, hierarchy, practical maneuverability and expansibility. Systematicness means that the whole waste classification system is an integration management framework. Hierarchy refers to a series of options for dealing with waste according to their environmental risks. Practical maneuverability means that the waste classification system can provide a user friendly tool for waste generators, recyclers and environmental managers. Good expansibility means that the waste classification system can adapt to changes and keep relative constancy.Waste classification systems may contain multi-layer levels according to management practices. In this paper, waste classification systems between classifications were analyzed from macro-level and micro-level. The macro-level refers to waste classified by macro industrial structures or environmental risks or management responsibilities of state administrative organizations. While the micro-level is the detailed classification system under the macro-level and used for daily environmental management for waste generators, such as declaration and registration, and waste transportation.Comparison on waste classification between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA1. For waste classification at the macro-level, China, the EU, Japan and the USA all classify waste based on generation source and/or hazardous characteristics. The advantages lie in the fact that it is very easy to distinguish corresponding responsibilities and to focus on management emphasis for environmental authorities.2. For waste classification at the micro-level, classification methods are diversified and substance-oriented and process-oriented classification systems are widely used. A process-oriented classification system can help waste generators judge waste properties very easily and make the management process simpler and more feasible. For the EWC, it is quite easy to recognize or identify the relevant waste code to be used, because you have about 850 different entries in the catalogue. In that way the registration can provide very detailed information. The disadvantages lie in that production processes will be changed constantly with some typical processes disappearing and new processes emerging, which requires the lists to be adjusted accordingly. For substance-oriented classification systems, it is very simple and efficient for generators or managers who have a solid knowledge and understanding of all regulations and production process. Multi-oriented classification methods at parallel layers may occur overlaps of different waste categories and should