仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE.ppt

APPROACH,ApproachProcedures,SafelyFindingTheAirport,?,PrecisionApproaches,PrecisionApproachesprovideverticalguidanceinadditiontolateralguidance,mostoftenthroughtheuseofanelectronicglideslope.PrecisionApproachesinclude:,ILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)GPS(LAAS)MLS(MicrowaveLandingSystem)(5inUS)PARPrecisionApproachRadar,Non-PrecisionApproachesprovidelateralguidanceonly,descentisstagedatspecificdistancesalongtheapproach.Non-PrecisionApproachesinclude:,Non-PrecisionApproaches,VORNDBRNAV(GPS)ASRAirportSurveillanceRadarLocalizer(front&backcourses)LDA/SDF/RNAV,TheUnitedStatesStandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPS)istheapprovedcriteriaforformulatinginstrumentapproachprocedures.TheFAAHandbookisFAAOrder8260.3B.AirForce,Navy,ArmyandCoastGuardhavetheirownHandbookmanualnumber.,ApproachSegments,FourapproachsegmentsInitialIntermediateFinalMissedApproachFivesegmentsifyoucounttheupfrontfeederroute.,SegmentsofanApproach,InitialApproachSegment,AlignsyouraircraftwiththeapproachcourseDMEArcProcedureTurnorHoldingPatternGuidedcourseInitialApproachFixAlwayslabeled“IAF”onchart,IntermediateApproachSegment,PositionsyouraircraftforfinaldescenttotheairportIntermediatefix(IF)Beginsatpointwhereyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix,properlyaligned.Notallapproacheshaveanintermediatefix,Notallapproacheshaveanintermediatefix,FinalApproachSegment,NavigatesyoufromFAF/FAPtoapoint(MDAorDH/DA)whereyoumaydescendtorunway,ifrequiredvisualreferencesareinsight.PrecisionGlideslopeprovidesverticalguidancebetweenpointofGSintercepttominimums(DH/DA).NonprecisionFinalapproachfix(FAF)Finalapproachpoint(FAP)PTintersectsfinalapproachcourseinbound.,FinalsegmentofILSapproach(precision),TheGlideSlope,NotefinalsegmentofthisNDBApproach(non-precisionwithFAF),FinalSegmentofaVORApproach(non-precisionwithFAP),MissedApproachSegment,NavigatefromMAPtomissedapproachholdingpoint.DepictedoneveryapproachForradarapproaches,givenverbally.ATCmaygiveyouinstructionsotherthanthepublishedmissedprocedure(bepreparedtocopy!).MissedApproachPointForPA:atdecisionheight/altitude(DH/DA).ForNPA:eitheratafixortiming.,Exampleofamissedapproach,PreparingForTheApproach,Inplanning,befamiliarwiththeavailableIAPsatPrimaryANDAlternateAirports.Nearingdestination,acontrollerorATIStellsyoutheexpectedIAP.Itsnotyoursuntilyoure“clearedfortheapproach.”NowthoroughlyreviewtheIAP.Setupradiosandnavaidsearlyon.,ApproachClearance,Ifyoureclearedforaspecificapproach,andyoupreferanother,askthecontrollerforyourdesired.If“Clearedforapproach”onlyYoucanchooseanypublishedapproach.ExecuteentireprocedurefromfeederrouteorIAFunless:Radarvectoredtofinalapproachcourse.LISTENLISTENLISTEN,Straight-inApproach,Doesnotrequire,norareyouauthorizedtodoaprocedureturnorcoursereversal.evenifpublished.Initiatedat:fixcloselyalignedtofinalapproachcoursecompletionofDMEarcvectorstofinalapproachcourseNoPTonchartmeansprocedureturnnotauthorizedonthissegment,“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”,ThismeansyouareclearedtoexecutetheapproachWITHOUTTHECOURSEREVERSALPROCEDURETURNDifferencebetweenstraight-inapproachandstraight-inlanding,Straight-inLANDING,FinalApproachCoursewithin30oftherunway.Sometimesnotpossiblebecause:VORnotcloselyalignedwithanyusablerunways.Landingminimumstoohighfornormaldescenttoalanding.(e.g.:LHU),Straight-InLanding,ThisiswhatyoudoattheENDofanapproach.Landonrunwayspecifiedinapproachtitle.Asopposedtocircling.Mostapproachminimaarewrittenforstraight-inlandingsbasedontheapproach.VersusCirclingminimaforrunwaysNOTaligned.,UseofATCRadarforApproaches,ASRPARMonitornon-radarapproachesGuidancetofinalapproachcourseRadarvectorsaregiventoplaceyouontheIAPortoestablishyouonthefinalapproachcoursepriortotheFAF.,ClassBandCTerminalRadarServicesProvidevectoringandseparationbetweenIFRandVFRtrafficandVFRsequencingwithinterminalareasandhandlesthetransitionfromtheenroutesegmenttotheterminalenvironment.Monitoraircraftoninstrumentapproaches.Radarapproachesareavailablewherecivilinstrumentapproachminimumsarepublished.,AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach,ASRisdesignedforhigh-resolution,short-rangecoverageingeneralvicinityofanairport.Non-PrecisionapproachesareavailableatairportsthathaveanapprovedASRprocedure.ASRprovidesradarvectorstotheFAF,thenazimuthinformationduringtheapproach.Alongwithrangefromtherunway,thepilotisadvisedofMDA,whentobegindescent,andwhenattheMDA.Ifrequested,recommendedaltitudeswillbefurnishedeachmilewhileonfinalapproach.TherearenographicalASRapproachplates(NACO).,AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach,AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach,AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach,AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)Approach,PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)Approaches,ThePARisoneinwhichacontrollerprovideshighlyaccuratenavguidanceinbothazimuthandelevation.Pilotsaregivenheadingtokeeptheaircraftalignedwiththerunway.Pilotsaretoldtoanticipatedescentapproximately10-30secondsbeforeitbegins.Pilotsarethentoldwhentobeginthedescent.DHisgivenifthepilotrequestsit.Deviationfromtheglidepathisgiventothepilot.TherearenographicalPARapproachplates.,PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)Approaches,PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)Approaches,Radar-RequiredApproaches,ThoughnotaPAR,manyapproachesdorequireradar,Radar-RequiredApproaches,TheSERRA/FAFisidentifiedbyRadar,MICCOIntersectionisidentifiedbyRadar,RadarVectoring,Ifradarvectored,dontturninboundontofinalapproachcourseuntilclearedfortheapproach.Ifcrossingapproachcourse-query!Minimumvectoringaltitude(MVA)Sectorspecific/ControllerresponsibleMaybelowerthanMSAPayattention!Notpublishedoncharts,CourseReversal,Generallylimitedtowithin10nmofprimaryaidorfix(notedonprofileview)Threetypes:Procedureturn:NACO-barbedarrowJepp-fullturndepictedHolding(racetrack)Teardroppattern200KIASmaximuminPT,Whenpresent,thesemustbeflownasdepictedonchart,ThistypecoursereversaldoesnothavetobeflownasdepictedShapeandtypeofturnoptional,TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixAIM5-4-10,Whenused?RadarsystemfortrafficsequencingisoutofserviceNumerousaircraftarewaitingforapproachclearanceNotstatedasatimedapproachButyouregivenatimetoleaveaholdingfix.,TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixAIM5-4-10,TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFix,Theholdingfix:FAFfornonprecisionapproachOutermarkerorsubstituteforprecisionConditionsrequiredtobemet-OperatingcontroltowerDirectcommunicationNOcoursereversalsinmissedapproachesIfonly1missedapproachprocedure,ceiling&visibilityhigherthanhighestcirclingminimums,Procedureturnnotauthorized:“NORTH”(memoryaid),N:“NoPT”onroutesegmentO:OtherwisedirectedbyATC(“clearedstraight-in)R:RadarvectorstofinalapproachcourseT:TimedapproachfromholdingfixH:HoldingpatternorteardropinlieuofPT,OperatingbelowMDAorcontinuinganapproachbelowDH,ALL3CRITERIAMUSTBEMET!“FAR”(91.175)Flightvisibilityisatleastlandingminimumsforthatapproach.AircraftmustbeinpositiontomakenormaldescenttolandRunwayenvironmentinsight:AtleastONEoffollowingvisualreferencesdistinctlyvisibleALSF-2redside-rowbars),FinalDescentTechniques,Precisionapproach:followglideslope.IfglideslopebecomesinopinIMC,transitiontolocalizerimmediately&useLOCminimums.Nonprecisionapproach:DescendtoMDApriortoreachingtheMAP.Beawareoftheadjustmentfrominstrumentstovisual-tricky!VASIsareagreataidwheninsight,VASI,Illusions,CirclingApproaches,Sizeofprotectedarea(definedbyTERPs)varieswithaircraftcategory.WhencanyougobelowdesignatedcirclingMDA?OnlywheninnormalpositionforlandingrunwayCanexecuteastraight-inlandingfor“circlingonly”approachif:runwayisinsight.plentyoftimeremainingtogetdownusing“normal”proceduresI.E.“StabilizedApproach”.,TERPSCriteriaforCircling,Knowyourcategory,CirclingManeuvers,CirclingErrors,SidestepManeuver,Onlyavailablewhenparallelrunwaysare1,200feetorlessapart.Remember,minimumsarehigherthanstraight-in,butlowerthancircling.Sidestepassoonaspossi