山西财经大学 语言学 重点

精选文库语言学第八章给定对话，考生分析涉及什么语言学内容设定情景 然后考生设定对话，Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthemcanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX？（东北师范大学，2006）Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmatics includesthestudyof(1)Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;(2)Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;(3)Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.36.DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.（南开大学，2004）A:Whenisthebuscoming?B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,Bsstatement isnotananswertoAsquestion.Bdoesntsay when.However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementas meaning-Idontknowor-Iamnotsure.JustassumethatBisbeingrelevant and informative. GiventhatBs answercontainsrelevantinformation,Acanworkoutthatanaccidentfurtheruptheroad,conventionallyinvolves-trafficjam, andtrafficjampreludesbuscoming.Thus,Bsanswerisnotsimplyastatementofwhenthebuscomes;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerningwhenthebuscomes.37.Whatisthefunctionofcontextincommunication?Trytoexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjuststatefacts.(1)Theroomismessy. (2)Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.Itoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.(1)a.Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.b.Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeamistake,forheintendedtosaytidy.c.Theroomwaswantedforameeting.(2)a.Amildwaytoexpressdisagreementwithsomeonewhohascomplimentedonaladysappearance.B.Aregretthatthecustomerhadnottakenthedress.c. Thatsheworearedshirtwasnotinagreementwiththecustomontheoccasion.分析语料 运用音系1语音学1(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop p speak(2) low front vowel pat(3) lateral liquid llife(4) velar nasal nsing (5) voiced interdental fricative z zero词汇学1What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from themeanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.语义学2认知语言学 1结合语言学内容，以及自己语言学习经历，说一下对competence的理解，即competence指什么？应该包括什么内容？Competence: According to Chomsky, a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence.It is an essential part of performance. It is the speakers knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence. According my personal experience of learning English, competence can be specifically divided to four abilities, which are the abilities of