博士英语考试要点总结(完美版)-整合

博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。详见博士生医学英语教材中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一复数形式（教科书P4243）AmpullaAmpullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）CoronaCoronae 冠状 VertebraVertebrae 脊椎BronchusBronchi 支气管CapillusCapili 毛发FungusFungi 真菌OmphalosOmphali 脐GenusGenera 属StercusStercora 粪GonadGonades 性腺TestisTestes 睾丸DiagnosisDiagnoses 诊断PsychosisPsychoses 精神病EpididymisEpididymides 附睾ThoraxThoraces 胸部AppendixAppendices 阑尾PollexPollices 拇指MeninxMeninges 脑脊膜CariesCaries龋齿DermaDermata 真皮，皮肤SarcomaSarcomata 肉瘤StomaStomata 口FlagellumFlagella 鞭毛LabiumLabia 唇ProtozoonProtozoa 原生动物格（p17p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。笔者按后缀相关性顺序排列单词，旨在提供一种相对好记的方法，可结合书内表格记忆。 形容词性后缀：心脏的（-ac： pertaining to） 支气管的 先天的 髂的 舌下的 扁桃体的 目的 HEPA 肝的 传染的 食道的 喉的 睫状的 粘液的纤维性的(-ous: containing) 分泌脂质的(-ous: secreting)囊样的（-oid: resembling） 腺样的名词性后缀：肉瘤(-oma: tumor)脑瘤 HEPA 肝炎(-itis: inflammation) 胃炎 心包炎喉炎 切牙（-or：refers to a doer, person or thing） ASPIRA 抽吸（-or：that which） 心包（-ium：a part related to a whole） 上腹部 贫血（-ia: condition） 恐惧症 营养不良 脾肿大 栓塞（-ism: condition, usuallythe result of a prior condition） 脓毒病(-sis：condition) 硬化(-osis: abnormal condition) 皮肤病 动脉硬化（-sclerosis: a hardening） 骨软化（-malacia： softening） 动脉狭窄（-stenosis: a narrowing） 杀菌剂（-e： that which） 解毒剂 验眼镜(-e: instrument) 验眼镜(-scope: instrument for viewing) 膀胱镜(-scopy: examination)温度计（-meter： instruments for measuring） 骨盆测量（-metry： measurement） 关节刀(-tome: instrument for cutting) 关节痛（-algia: pain） 心痛 泄泻（-rrhea：flow， discharge） 胃出血（-rrhagia： excessive flow）足医学(-iatry：branch of medicine) 老年学 眼病（-pathy: disease） 药理学（-logy: process of studying） 泌尿科医生（-logist: one who specializes in） 牙医（同上） 儿科医生 肝破裂（-rrhrxis: rupture） 疝缝合术(-rrhaphy: suturing) 肝固定术(-pexy: fixing by suturing) 骨成形术（-plasty: surgical repair）颅骨切开术（-tomy： incision） 阑尾切除术（-ectomy： cutting off） 扁桃体切除术 胃造口术（-stomy： making an opening into or a connection between） 吻合术(同上) 白细胞（-cyte: cell） 细胞缺乏症（-penia： deficiency）原始血细胞（-blast： a cell that is primitive） 溶血（-lysis: dissolution） 支气管灌洗术（-clysis： washing）制菌(-stasis: halting) 肾下垂（-ptosis: a falling） 肾盂扩张（-ectasia: dilatation） -plegia： stroke） 心电图描记(-graphy：process of recording) 甲状腺肿(-cele: hernia)羊膜穿刺术(-centesis：surgical puncture to withdraw fluid)关于各大系统相关单词总结：本部分需结合书中题目记忆，笔者这里只做正确选项的标注翻译 The Nervous System（Exercise III、VII）: dendrites树突 axon轴突 convergence收敛性 microglia 小胶质细胞 Exercise VII：1. c apraxia 失用 2. d apoplexy 中风 3. b embolism 栓塞 4. a coma 昏迷5. b grand mal 癫痫大发作 6. c hydrocephalus 脑积水 7. d hypertension 高血压8. b myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力 9. c multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化 10. b shingles 带状疱疹 11. a spina bifida 脊柱裂12. b subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿 13. c ischemia 缺血14. a gliomas 神经胶质瘤 15. c metastasis 转移CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM(Exercise VI):9、10划掉 1. a heart block 心脏传导阻滞 2. c pericarditis 心包炎 3. d tachycardia 心动过速4. b myocardial infarction 心梗 5. d hypertension高血压 6. b aneurysm 动脉瘤 7. b murmur 杂音 8. b atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化 9. 10.11. a pernicious anemia 恶性贫血 12. a infectious mononucleosis 传单 13. c varicose veins 静脉曲张14. b sickle cell anemia 镰状细胞性贫血 15. c hemophilia 血友病 16. c leukemia 白血病THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exercise V): 1. b dyspnea 呼吸困难2. c Cheyne-Stokes 潮式呼吸 3. b pertussis 百日咳4. d hyaline membrane disease 新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症5. a atelectasis 肺不张 6. c tuberbulosis 肺结核 7. a silicosis 矽肺 8. c emphysema 肺气肿 9. b pleurisy 胸膜炎 10. a aspiration 抽胸水THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Exercise VI) 1. b cold sore 单纯性疱疹 2. d leukoplakia 粘膜白斑 3. c intussusception 肠套叠 4. b diverticula 憩室 5. a melena 黑便6. b serum hepatitis 乙肝 7. a cirrhosis 肝硬化 8. c neoplasm 肝囊肿 9. b ascites 腹水三选择（注：此处为避免混淆，只记录正确答案，剩余选项忽略不计） 神经系统1. The afferent processes of nerve cells are the: dendrites 树突 ?dendrait2. Those processes that conduct impulses away from neurons are the: axons 轴突 ?ks?n3. The transmission of impulses by many neurons to a single neuron is known as: convergence 会聚 4. Which of the following supportive nerve cells act as phagocytes: microglia 小胶质细胞phagocyte ?f?usait吞噬细胞5. Which of the following is not considered part of the central nervous system? nerves originating from the brain and the spinal cord 脑和脊髓发出的神经 6. The inability to perform certain body movements is known as: apraxia 失用症Apraxia ?pr?ksi? 失用; 精神性运动不能7. The medical word for stroke is: apoplexy 脑卒中 ?p?pleksi -plexy 发作,中8. A blood clot that leaves its original site and blocks an artery is called: embolism 栓塞9. An abnormal deep sleep is called: coma 昏迷 ?k?um?10. The more serious form of epileptic seizure is referred to as: grand mal 癫痫大发作epileptic seizure .epileptik si:? n.癫痫发作11. The medical word for an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain is: hydrocephalus 脑积水Cerebrospinal .seribr?uspain?l adj 脑脊髓的的12. A sympathectomy is performed to relive: hypertension 高血压sympathectomy ?simp?ekt?mi 交感神经阻断术 13. A general feeling of muscular weakness and fatigue resulting from a lack of acetylcholine:myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力 myasthenia mai?s?i?ni?肌无力 gravis 重的,剧烈的acetylcholine ?si?t?l?k?ulin 乙酰胆碱14. A condition in which the myelin coverings of the brain and spinal cord are destroyed and the gray and white matters become hard: multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化spinal cord n.脊髓15. A viral infection characterized by blisterlike sores on the skin: shingles ?i?g?l带状疱疹Blisterlike像水泡样16. A congenital defect characterized by a protruding sac containing cerebrospinal fluid: spina bifida 脊柱裂 congenital defect 先天性缺陷protrude pr?tru:d vi.突出 sac s?k 囊 cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液17. A blood clot originating in one of the membranes covering the brain: subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿 subdural n.硬膜下的 hematoma ?hi?m?t?um? 血肿18. The medical word indicating the obstruction of a blood vessel: ischemia 缺血19. Malignant tumors originating from the supportive nerve cells: gliomas 神经胶质瘤lai?um? malignant tumors 恶性肿瘤20. The medical word indicating the spread of malignant tumors to other areas of the body: metastasis 转移m?t?st?sis心血管系统1. The obstruction of electrical impulses moving from the atria to the ventricles is called: heart block 心传导阻滞atria 房,前房 ventricle ?ventrikl 脑室; 室2. Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart is known as: pericarditis 心包炎 ?perik?daitis3. A type of arrhythmia: AV block, 房室传导阻滞 tachycardia 心动过速 tachy-速,快速 4. Necrosis of an area of heart tissue due to insufficient blood supply: myocardial infraction 心肌梗死 necrosis ne?kr?usis 坏死 myocardial ?mai?u?k?di?l 心肌的 myo-肌5. The medical term for high blood pressure: hypertension 高血压6. The ballooning of a blood vessel: aneurysm 动脉瘤 aneurysm ?nj?r?z(?)m 动脉瘤7. Abnormal heart sound resulting from incompetent heart valves: murmur 心脏杂音heart valve 心脏瓣膜8. Abnormal condition in which fatty plaques adhere to the walls of a blood vessel: atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化 fatty plaque 脂肪斑块11. The type of anemia brought on by absence of an intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12: pernicious anemia 恶性贫血 pernicious p?ni?s 恶性的12. A viral infection characterized by enlarged lymph glands, sore throat, fever, and fatigue: infectious mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症enlarged lymph gland 淋巴结肿大 mononucleosis ?m?n?unju?kli?usis 单核白细胞增多症13. Abnormal enlarging and twisting of leg veins: varicose veins 静脉曲张 varicose ?v?rik?us曲张的14. A type of anemia in which the erythrocytes change their shape at low oxygen levels: sickle cell anemia 镰形红细胞贫血 erythrocyte i?rir?usait红细胞; 红血细胞15. Hereditary bleeding disease affecting only male offspring: hemophilia 血友病hereditary hi?redit?ri a.遗传的，遗传性的； offspring ?f?spri? n.子女，子孙，后代16. A form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled increase of white blood cells: leukemia 白血病 呼吸系统1. Labored breathing: dyspnea 呼吸困难 -pnea 呼吸 apnea 呼吸暂停 2. Hyperpnea followed by apnea: Cheyne-Stokes 陈-施呼吸（潮式呼吸）3. An infectious disease that produces a proximal whooping type of coughs: pertussispertussis p?t?sis 百日咳 proximal 接近的,邻近的4. A respiratory disease affecting the newborn in which the alveoli are covered with a thick membrane: hyaline membrane disease 肺透明膜病（新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征）hyaline 透明的,玻璃样的5. Collapse of lungs: atelectasis 肺不张 atel- 发育不全 -ectasis 扩张,膨胀6. An infectious disease of the lungs in which the bacteria become encapsulated: tuberculosis 结核TBtju:.b?:kjul?usis7. An example of a pneumoconiosis: silicosis 矽肺pneumo- 肺回戏,空气coni (单conus)圆锥,锥体-osis 病8. A condition in which lung tissues swell and lose their elasticity: emphysema .emfisi:m? 肺气肿 elasticity 弹性emphy 肺气肿 9. Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity: pleurisy 胸膜炎 serous ?si?r?s血清的 thoracic cavity 胸腔9. Process of removing fluid from pleural cavity: aspiration 抽吸pleural cavity 胸膜腔 plur? 消化系统1. A virus, herpes simplex, causes a blister to erupt on the mucous membrane lining of the mouth: cold sore 唇疱疹blister n.水疱, mucous membrane n.粘膜2. Inflamed patches of mucous membrane that can become malignant: leukoplakia lu:k?pleiki?粘膜白斑3. The invagination of one portion of intestine into another: intussusceptions .int?ss?sep?n肠套叠invagination 内陷 intestine n.肠 intestinal 肠的,在肠内的4. Pouches that form on the intestinal wall: diverticula肠憩室 pouch n.小袋5. Bloody stools: melena m?li:n? 黑便6. A form of liver disease caused by a blood transfusion with contaminated blood: serum hepatitis 血清性肝炎 serum 血清7. Scarred condition of the liver that results in impeded circulation of blood: cirrhosis sir?usis 肝硬化 impede vt.阻碍，妨碍，阻止8. The development of new but abnormal tissue: neoplasm 肿瘤 ni:?upl?z?mplasm 浆,原生质,形成物质9. The buildup of excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity: ascites 腹水?saitizperitoneal ,perit?ni:?l n.腹膜的 peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔 buildup 积累,聚集,增长,增加药理：Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing.?ntit?siv n. 止咳药, 镇咳药adj. 镇咳的 tussive adj. 咳嗽的 Antispasmodic drugs are used to relieve bronchial spasms. ?ntisp?zmdik解痉药spasm n.痉挛；突发一阵spasmodic 痉挛(性)的,间歇的 antispasmodic adj. 止痉挛的n. 镇痉药中枢系统药物Stimulants stimulant ?stimjul?nt increase CNS activity 兴奋药 Depressants depressant dipres?nt decrease CNS activity 抑制药 Analgesics analgesic ?n?l?d?i:zik a substance that reduces pain 止痛药 Hypnotics hypnotic hipn?tik drugs that produce sleep hyp-在?下 安眠药 Sedatives sedative ?sed?tiv has a calming,tranquilizing effect 镇静药 Barbiturates barbiturates b:bitju?rits 巴比妥类 a powerful drug that makes you feel calm and relaxed or puts you to sleep. Anesthetics anesthetic ?nis?etik causes a loss of awareness and sensation麻醉药 ?Tranquilizers tranquilizer tr?kwilaiz? reduce mental tension 安定药关于中医翻译的常用词组: 急性热病 acute febrile disease 外感病 external disease 温病 warm disease 病因 cause of disease辨证论治 syndrome differentiation and treatment IX先天之精 innate essence 后天之精 acquired essence 水谷 foods and fluids肾气/阴/阳 kidney qi/yin/yang 温煦作用 warming influence运化 transportation and transformation精主生长、生殖 jing governing/dominating growth and reproduction助神 aiding the mind/shen 安神 anchor the shen 气生血 qi produce blood 气摄血 qi hold the blood气为血之帅，血为气之母 qi is the commander of blood, and blood is the mother of qi 血虚 deficient blood 血滞 stagnant blood 血热 heat in the blood行肾气 promoting kidney qi 生髓 producing marrow 耳聋 deafness 头晕 dizziness 耳鸣 tinnitus 发白 graying 衰老 senility 阳痿 impotence腰痛 lower back pain X、XI（具体药不用记） 病例 case history病机 mechanism of disease 累及卫分（气/营/血）wei(qi/ying/xue) system may become involved变化快 evolves rapidly证 syndrome（书中说的是symptom-complexes） 痰热阻肺 blockage of the lung by phlegm-heat 风邪袭肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic wind 邪热袭肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic heat 邪热内陷心包 penetration of pathogenic heat into the pericardium气虚精亏 deficiency of vital energy and vital essence 亡阳 depletion of yang痰留热恋 remaining phlegm and pathogenic heat 治则 principle of treatment祛热毒化痰 removing toxic heat from the lung and resolving phlegm祛痰 eliminating phlegm 清肺 clearing lung 润肺 moisten lung清营分邪热 dispelling pathogenic heat from the ying system醒神 resuscitating the patient回阳救逆 restoring vital function from collapse and reinforcing vital energy用辛凉药祛表邪 dispelling pathogenic factors from the exterior of the body with herbs pungent in flavor/taste and cool in property/nature 临表 manifestations无汗 absence of sweating 大汗 profuse sweating 少汗 scanty sweating动则汗出 sweating on exertion 畏寒 intolerance of cold 寒战 chill 发热 fever中等热 moderate fever 午后潮热 afternoon fever五心烦热 feverish sensation in the palms and soles 颧红 malar flush 乏力 lassitude持续高热夜甚 protracted high fever that is worse at night烦热 heat and restlessness 大渴 extreme thirst 谵语 delirium昏迷 loss of consciousness 抽搐 convulsion 项强 stiff neck四肢厥冷 cold limbs面色苍白 pallid countenance 紫绀 cyanosis 哮 wheezing气短 shortness of breath 咳嗽 cough 干咳 dry cough咯白粘痰/脓痰/锈色痰/血丝 expectoration of white mucoid /purulent/rust-colored/blood-flecked sputum 鼻翼扇动 flaring of the nostrils 口唇干燥 dry mouth and lips胸痛咳甚 chest pain exacerbated by coughing胸闷或痛 suffocating or painful sensation in the chest 胸痛厉害 sharp chest pain两胁钝痛 dull pain in the hypochondrium 食欲不振 anorexia腹胀 abdominal distention 便秘 constipation少尿 concentrated urine舌边红 reddened tongue border 舌边紫 purpura at the tongue border 舌干 dry tongue 少苔 scanty tongue苔薄白或略黄 thin white or light yellow fur 舌中剥脱苔 shedding of some fur in the middle 浮数脉 floating and rapid pulse洪脉 gigantic pulse 滑脉 slippery pulse 细脉 thready pulse 沉脉 deep pulse 弦脉 wiry pulse 方 prescription 汤 decoction加减 modifications 加*药 add 减*药 omit*汤合*汤 in combination with 冲服 take with the decoction 先煎 decocted first 验方 proven recipes 主穴 main points 刺血 prick to bloodlet 泻法 reducing method 补法 reinforcing method 留/埋针 retain/embed needle随症取穴 points according to manifestations 草药 herbal medicines 中药 Chinese pharmacyLiver Blood Deficiency SyndromeIt refers to insufficient liver blood, usually caused by insufficient blood production or massive blood loss, or injury to liver blood in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Dizziness, pale complexion, blurred vision ，numbness of limbs, tremor of hands and feet, joint motion problem, scanty volume of menses, or even amenorrhea, pale tongue with white fur and thready pulseSyndrome of Liver Qi StagnationIt refers to emotional problems and rage that impair the liver, or other pathogenic factors, impeding smooth flow of liver qi. 【Clinical Manifestations】Distending pain or scurrying pain in the chest and lower abdomen, depression or bad temper, frequent deep sighing, thin white fur and wiry pulse, or distending pain in womens breasts, irregular menses, dysmenorrhea , closely related to emotional changesKidney Essence Insufficiency SyndromeIt refers to the syndrome due to the decreased function in growth, development and reproduction because of kidney essence deficiency, usually caused by insufficient innate endowment, congenital defect, or improper postnatal nursing, or excessive sexual activity, or kidney essence injury in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Retarded development of children, short figure, feeble bones, sluggish movement, infertility , poorsexual function, presenility of adults, tinnitus or poor hearing, amnesia and weak feetHeart-Kidney Yang Deficiency SyndromeIt is caused by declined yang qi of the heart ,with the kidney involved in a chronic condition, or kidney yang deficiency, dysfunction in qi transformation, upward attack of the heart by retained water.【Clinical Manifestations】Cold body and limbs, palpitation, weakness and cold in the lower back and knees, edema, difficult urination, purple lips and nails, pale purple tongue with white and slippery fur and faint pulseSyndrome of Invasion of the lung by liver fireIt is usually caused by liver injury by rage, accumulated qi transforming into fire, or invasion of the lung by reversed rise of heat, which accumulates in the liver.【Clinical Manifestations】Burning pain in the chest and hypochondrium, dizziness with distending pain in the head, irritability and bad temper, bloodshot eyes, bitter taste in the mouth, coughing, even spitting blood, red tongue with thin white fur, and wiry rapid pulseCold SyndromeIt is caused by exposure to external pathogenic cold, o