时态-语态-情态动词用法小结

时态和语态一般进行完成现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时一、一般现在时（TheSimplePresentTense）1、结构1）(Active)do;does2）(Passive)is(am,are)done2、主要用法表示经常发生的动作和存在的状态。e.g.Ioftencometoschoolearly.表示主语的特征，性格和能力。e.g.Heisanengineer.Helooksyoung.表示客观事实，或普遍真理。e.g.Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。表示按时刻表计划或安排好的动作。（只限于表示起始或移动意义的动词， begin,come,leave,start,arrive,go,etc.） e.g.Iwillfindoutwhenthetrainleaves.TheplaneforSanFranciscotakesoffatthreep.m.3、与一般现在时连用的时间状语：everyday,onceaweek,twiceaweek,always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,neveretc.e.g.Igotothecinemaonceaweek.e.g.Sometimesweworkuntiltwelveoclock.4、主动变被动1）Doyouoftencleanyourroom?Isyourroomoftencleaned?2）PeoplespeakEnglishinmanycountries.Englishisspokeninmanycountries.二、一般过去时（TheSimplePastTense）1、结构1）(Active)did2）(Passive)was/weredone2、主要用法表示过去的动作或状态。HelivedinBeijingwhenhewasyoung.表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。.e.g.Whenhewasfree,hewouldgoandhelpothers.3、一般过去时常与这些时间状语连用：yesterday,beforeliberation,in1960,twoyearsago,lastmonth,inthepast,theotherday,etc.e.g.Ihappenedtomeethiminthestreettheotherday.4、主动变被动1）Thetigerinthezoofrightenedthelittlegirl.Thelittlegirlwasfrightenedbythetigerinthezoo.2）Theygavehimamedalforhiswonderfulwork.Hewasgivenamedalforhiswonderfulwork.三、一般将来时（TheSimpleFutureTense）1、结构1）(Active)will/shalldo2）(Passive)will/shallbedone2、主要用法：表示将来的动作和状态。e.g.ThefarmerswillbegintopickapplesnextMonday.e.g.Hewillcometoseeustomorrow.3、表示将来的其他用法：1）begoingto+v.表示打算、准备做的事，或根据迹象表明即将发生或肯定要发生的事。e.g.Howareyougoingtospendyourholidays?Itsgoingtosnow. Theresgoingtobealotoftroubleaboutthis.2）beaboutto+v.表示即刻要发生的动作。e.g.Iwasabouttogoswimmingwhenluckilyourguidesawmeandshoutedatme“stop!”3）beto+v.表示安排或计划好的动作。e.g.Anewhospitalistobebuiltinourdistrict.Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatfiveoclockthisafternoon.4）现在进行时表示按计划安排要发生的事。限于某些瞬时动词，如：leave,go,come,arrive,start,etc.e.g.Myuncleisarrivingat3:30p.m.tomorrow.4、一般将来时常与这些时间状语连用：tomorrow,nextweek,inamoment,inthefuture,etc.e.g.-Howsoonwillhebeback?-Hewillbebackintwoweeks.5、主动变被动1）Peoplewilllaughatyouifyouwearthatdress.Youwillbelaughedatifyouwearthatdress.2）TheywontholdthemeetinguntilnextFriday.ThemeetingwontbehelduntilnextFriday.3）Thedoctorwillaskthepatientsomequestionsbeforehegiveshermedicine.Thepatientwillbeaskedsomequestionsbeforesheisgiventhemedicine.四、过去将来时（ThePastFutureTense）1、结构1）(Active)would/shoulddo2）(Passive)would/shouldbedone2、用法说明不能独立使用，通常用在宾语从句中，表示从过去某一点看，在将来发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g.HetoldmethathewouldgotoBeijingthenextmonth.AtthattimeIdidnotknowifhewouldbeabletofinishtheworkontime.五、现在进行时（ThePresentContinuousTense）1、结构1）(Active)is/am/aredoing2）(Passive)is/am/arebeingdone2、主要用法表示说话的时刻正在进行的动作。e.g.-Whataretheydoing?-Theyareplayinginthegarden.表示现阶段正在进行的动作,尽管此刻这个动作可能并不在进行。e.g.Themanageristypinghislettersthesedays.Heisateacherofphysics,butheisnowteachingmath.Sheisworkinginabookshop.现在进行时用来表示将来(Futureuse)，即表示按计划或安排在最近将要进行的动作。这种用法仅限于少数表示动作的动词，如arrive,come,go,have,leave,start,stay等。e.g.HowlongareyoustayinginXian?WerehavingaholidaynextMonday.现在进行时态如果同副词always,constantly,continually等连用，常带有或褒或贬的语气。e.g.HeisalwayshelpingmewithmyEnglish.（称赞）Sheisconstantlycominglate.（不满）3、注意*下列动词不能用进行时态：感官类：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,seem,appear等感觉类：hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive等存在类：be,exist,remain,stay,obtain占有从属类：have,possess,own,contain,belong,consistof等认知类：understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember等e.g.Iunderstandwhatyoumean.Iloveourgreatmotherland.I(can)smellsomethingburning.Theflowersmellssweet.六、过去进行时（ThePastContinuousTense）1、结构1）(Active)was/weredoing2）(Passive)was/werebeingdone2、主要用法表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。e.g.Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?Iwaswritingaletterwhenshecamein.表示过去某阶段在进行的暂时性习惯动作。e.g.Heisadoctor,butatthattimehewasworkinginalaboratory.表示刚才的情况。e.g.Iwasaskingwhatyouthoughtofit.e.g.-Canyougivemetherightanswer?-Sorry,Iwasntlistening.Wouldyoupleaserepeatthatquestion?七、现在完成时（ThePresentPerfectTense）1、结构1）(Active)have/hasdone2）(Passive)have/hasbeendone2、主要用法表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成，或刚刚完成。e.g.Hehasfinishedreadingthebooktoday.TherehavebeengreatchangesinBeijinginthepasttwentyyears.表示发生在过去的动作一直延续到现在。e.g.Theconferencehaslastedforfivedays.Wehaveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.表示动作发生在过去，但对现在的情况产生影响。e.g.Thankyou.Ihavehadmysupper.ImsorryIcantgowithyou.Ihaveseenthefilm.*注意事项：瞬间动作的肯定式一般不可与表示一段时间的状语一起用于现在完成时。瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间状语一起用于现在完成时。e.g.Hehascomeherefortwodays.Hehasbeenherefortwodays.Itistwodayssincehecamehere.Hecameheretwodaysago.Hehasnotcomeherefortwodays.3、现在完成时常与这些时间状语连用：already,notyet,threetimes,lately,just,before,inrecentyears,since,fortwoyears,in/duringthepastfewyears,sofar,upto/tillnowe.g.Inthepasttwentyyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.八、过去完成时（ThePastPerfectTense）1、结构1）(Active)haddone2）(Passive)hadbeendone2、主要用法表示过去某个时间以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。e.g.HehadalreadyleftwhenIgotthere.Theyshowedusthemachinewhichtheyhadproduced.注意事项：有些瞬间性动词在完成时态的肯定句不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。要连用时须用状态动词。n成对的词有：become/be;die/bedead;leave/beaway;jointhearmy/servethearmye.g. He said he had served the army for twenty years.情态动词一、情态动词的特点情态动词有一定的意义无人称和数的变化通常不带to ,后接动词原形表示说话人的语气或情绪1. can/could 1)表示能力He can play table tennis quite well.2) 表示事物一时的特征, 理论上的可能性Its always warm here, but sometimes it can be very cold.Hes good-tempered. However, he can be hard to deal with when offended.Even an experienced teacher can make mistakes.3)表示许可/允诺 -Can/Could Tom use the car? -Yes , he can. You can have my seat. I am going now.4) 表示推测 1) -Someone is knocking at the door. Who can it be? Can it be Scarlet? -No, it cant be her. She called from Tokyo just now. 2) He can not have forgotten it. 3) The accident could have been avoided.2. may/might1)表示请求许可 -May/Might I come in?-Yes, you may.2)表示可能性的推测Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.Its so late. I thing he may/might have gone to bed.You might have given him more help, but why didnt you?3) may用于祈使句表示祝愿May you succeed!May you return in safe!3. must1. 必须Must I say “sorry”?Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. You must see a doctor.2. 猜测 “肯定,准是”She must be watching TV now.There must be some mistake.It must have rained last night. The ground is so wet.3. “偏要,硬要”If you must smoke, please go out.4. 否定,表示 “禁止”You mustnt play with fire. You may hurt yourself.must对比have to 1) 两词都是必须的意思，h