The-Renaissance文艺复兴

Renaissance(14thmid17th),ItstherebirthofGreekandRomancultures.ItsprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Oneisthethirstfortheclassicalliteratureandtheotheristhekeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities.,TheRenaissance,Athirstycuriosityforclassicalliterature.Oldmanuscriptsweredugout.TherearoseageneralrevivalofthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors.,WhilepeoplelearnedtoadmiretheirworksasmodelsofliteraryformtheyalsocaughtsthverydifferentinspiritfromthemedievalCatholicdogma.SotheloveofclassicswasinfactalsoanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionwiththeCatholicandfeudalideas.,B.Thekeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities.PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artists,andpoetsshowedtheiradmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievements.Soarosehumanismthekey-noteoftheRenaissance,reflectingthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.Ideas:bothmanandtheworldarehinderedfrominfiniteimprovementbyexternalchecks;mancouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisdesires,andattainhappinessbyremovingallexternalchecksbytheexerciseofhumanintellect.,Thisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory.Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced.-F.EnglesHerefromEngelsanalysiswemayseethechiefcharacteristicsoftheRenaissance:(1)Politicallythefeudalnobilitylosttheirpowerandwiththeestablishmentofthegreatmonarchiestherewasthecentralizationofpowernecessaryforthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisie;,TheChiefCharacteristicsoftheBackgroundoftheRenaissance,(2)TheCatholicChurchwaseithersubstitutedbyProtestantismasaresultoftheso-calledReformation(asinGermanyandEngland)orweakenedinitsdictatorshipovermensminds(asinItalyandFranceandSpain);(3)Geographicaldiscoveriesopenedupcolonialexpansionandtraderoutestodistantpartsoftheworldandbroughtbackgoldandsilverandotherwealthandalsobroadenedmensmentalhorizons;,(4)Inthecountrysidethepeasantswereterriblyexploitedandtheyeitherroseinuprisingsorranawayandflockedtothecitiesandaddedtotheproletariatthere;(5)Inthecitiesthemerchantsandthemasterartisansgrewinwealthandinpowerandbecamethebourgeoisiewhilehandicraftturnedgraduallyintomanufactureandthemodernproletariatsprangupamongtheemployedworkersinthefactories;andfinally,(6)Culturally,astheinterestinGodandinthelifeafterdeathwastransformedintotheexaltationofmanandanabsorptioninearthlylifeandasmaterialisticphilosophyandscientificthoughtgraduallyreplacedthechurchdogmasandreligiousmysticismoftheMiddleAges,atotallynewcultureroseoutoftherevivaloftheoldcultureofancientGreeceandRomeandoutoftheemergenceofanewphilosophyandscienceandartandliteraturethroughtheexplorationoftheinfinitecapabilitiesofman.,Examples,Copernicus(哥白尼)assertedthattheearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniverse；ThepassionatePetrarchproducedsonnetsthatinfluencedShakespeareandmanyothers；Boccaccio(卜伽邱)wrotetalesofeternalcharm；MarcoPolo(马可波罗)madejourneysintotheremotekingdomofChina；Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），LeonardodaVinci(达芬奇)，Raphael(拉斐尔)，andTitian(提香)createdpaintingsandsculpturesthatareinvaluabletreasuresoftheworld,最后的晚餐（意大利）达芬奇画1495-1497年米兰圣玛利亚格拉契修道院藏,文艺复兴美术三杰,西斯廷教堂天顶画局部壁画36541314米米开朗期罗（意大利）梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏（1475-1564年）,椅中圣母（油画）（意大利）拉斐尔（1514-1516年）,InPraiseofFolly(DesideriusErasmus),Humanism,HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.Thehumanistsholdthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theybelievedthatmanhadnotonlytherighttoenjoythebeautyoflife,buttheabilitytoperfectandperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearerepresentativesofEnglishhumanists.,TheRenaissanceinEngland,Somemajorhistoricevents:a.TheWarofRoses(1455-1488)andtheestablishmentofthedynastiesofHenryVIIandVIIIthecentralizedmonarchy.b.TheEnclosuremovement(“sheepdevouredMen”)c.Thereligiousreformation,establishmentoftheAnglicanChurchd.FlourishingintheElizabethanAge(1558-1603),e.defeatingtheSpanishInvinciblefleet“Armada”in1588andtheestablishmentofthehegemony（霸权）ontheseas.f.Thegeographicalexplorationandtradeexpansionbroughtaboutthegrowthofthecitiesandthedevelopmentofthecapitalisttextile（织物）industry.,TheHouseofTudor,oneoftheEnglishrulingdynasties(1485-1603),includingHenryVIIandhisdescendantsHenryVIII,EdwardVI,MaryI,andElizabethI.都铎王朝：英格兰统治王朝(1485-1603年），包括亨利七世及其后代亨利八世、爱德华六世、玛丽一世和伊丽莎白一世,TheReformation,(1)Thereisaninevitableconflictbetweentheregime（统治）oftheRomanCatholicChurchandtheestablishmentofanabsolutemonarchyinEngland,Hencethefar-reachingmovementoftheReformation.(2)UnderthereignofHenry,Englandwitnessedsomerapidsocialchanges.Feudalismwasonthedecline,populationincreasedfast,printingmachinesbecamepopular,andintellectualknowledgewasspreadingrapidly.Henrywasastrongkingandhealwayshadawillofhisown.,(3)OnethinghedidduringhisreignsowedtheseedoftroubleforEnglandformanyyearstocome.HewantedtodivorceCatherineofAragon,whohadborneonlyonedaughter,Mary.WhenthePopeinRomerefusedtoendtheirmarriage,herebelledbymarryingAnneBoleynwithoutpermission.HesoondeclaredhimselfheadoftheEnglishChurch.SoEnglandwasseparatedfromRome.Duringthereignofhissuccessor,thechildkingEdward,theProtestantmovementdevelopedrapidly.,Buthediedyoungandthenextmonarch,QueenMary,wasadevoutCatholic.HerattemptstorestoreCatholicismtoEnglandresultedininternalconflictsandmuchbloodshed.ThebloodyreligiouspersecutioncametoastopafterthechurchsettlementofQueenElizabeth.(4)TheProtestantReformationwasinessenceapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise,apartofthelongstruggleofthebourgeoisclassforpower.,DefeatingtheSpanishInvincibleFleet“Armada”,TheWarwithSpainReason:CommercialExpansionTime:1588.5.281588.7.29theendofSep.,1588Winner:theEnglishbourgeoisiedefeatedtheSpanishfeudalism,TheSpanishArmadawasafleetofwarshipsthatattemptedtodestroytheEnglishfleetin1588.TheEnglishdefeatedtheArmada,however,bysendingsmallboatstosetafiretofloatamongtheSpanishshipsastheylayatanchorofftheFrenchcoastnearCalais.About60EnglishshipssanktwoSpanishshipsanddamagedover50more.ThecrippledArmadathensailedbacktowardSpain,butheavywindswreckedmanymoreships.Outoftheoriginalnumberof130shipsintheArmada,only67returnedtoSpain.,TheHundred-yearWarwithFrance,百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人，以及不断觉醒的民族意识。Consequences:TheEnglishsbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrance,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.,TheEnglishBible,TheEnglishtranslationoftheBibleemergedasaresultofthestrugglebetweenProtestantismandCatholicism;JohnWycliffe(约翰维克利夫,1330-1384):TranslatedthefirstcompleteEnglishBible;WilliamTyndal(威廉廷代尔):TranslatedtheNewTestamentandportionsoftheOldTestament.AuthorizedVersion:In1604JamesIdecidedtohaveanewtranslationoftheBible.Andin1611theAuthorizedVersionappeared.ItwasundertheauspicesofJamesI,so,calledKingJamesBible.ItwastheworkofmanylearnedscholarsheadedbyBishopLancelotAndrewes(兰斯洛特安德鲁斯主教)andwasregardedas“thenoblestmonumentofEnglishprose.”.,Socialinfluence:ThenewtranslationhadanenormousimpactontheEnglishpeople.Withinashortperiodofthreeyearsafteritspublication,theBiblehadbeenprinted14times,andithasbeenreadbymillionsofpeoplethroughouttheworldeversince.,InfluenceonEnglishlanguageandliterature:Itsstyleandbrilliantlanguagehaveprofoundlyinfluencedthesucceedinggenerationsofwriters.(1)OldEnglishspeech;(2)Extensiveuseofconcretetermsandimages(具体的词语和比喻);(3)Straightforward(简单易懂的)phrasesandsentences;(4)Itssimple，smooth，andrhythmiclanguagehasstronglyinfluencedtheEnglishpeople；itentersintothestyleofthemostambitiousEnglishwriters；anditformsabasicpartoftheEnglishpeopleseverydayspeechExample:TwodifferentversionsoftheTwenty-thirdPsalm.,HistoryPeriodsofGreatBritain,HistoryPeriodsofGreatBritain,TheHouseofRoman(55BC410AD)TheHouseofAngloSaxon(4491066)TheHouseofNormandy(1066-1135)TheHouseofBlois(1135-1154)TheHouseofPlantaganet(1154-1399)TheHouseofLancaster(1399-1461)and(1470-1471)TheHouseofYork(1461-1470)and(1471-1483),HistoryPeriodsofGreatBritain,TheHouseofTudor(1485-1603)TheHouseofStuart(1603-1649)TheInterregnum(1649-1660)TheHouseofStuartcont.(1660-1688)TheHousesofStuartandOrange(1688-1714)TheHouseofHannover(1714-1901)TheHousesofSaxe-Coburg-Gotha/Windsor(1901-),TheHistoryoftheBritishRoyalty,TheBritishMonarchyisoneofthemostfamousandlongestlastingmonarchies.ThemodernmonarchydatesfromtheNormanconquestwhenWilliamtheConquererdefeatedKingHaroldattheBattleofHastingsin1066.Sincethatbattle,Englandhasbeenruledbyeightmajordynasties,thesearetheNorman,Plantaganet,Lancaster,York,Tudor,Stuart,Hannover,andWindsor.TheonlytimeduringthisperiodthatEnglandwaswithoutamonarchwasbetween1649-1660,whenEnglandwasdeclaredaRepublicaftertheexecutionofCharlesI.,TheEnglishRenaissance,Asahistoricalperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturies,theRenaissance,whichstartedinItalyandgraduallyspreadoverEurope,begantoshowitseffectinEnglandatthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoylife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.OxfordandCambridgebecamethecenterofEnglishRenaissance.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.,ThedivisionoftheEnglishRenaissance,a.Beginning:thelastyearsofthe15-thcentury-firsthalfofthe16-thcenturyb.Flourishing:theElizabethanAge(1558-1603)c.Declining:theperiodofJamesI(1603-1625)early17-thcentury,A.Atthebeginningofthecentury:Utopia,Moresmasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconversationbetweenMoreandareturnedvoyager,Hythloday;dividedinto2books:The1stalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland,the2nddescribesindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.Thename“Utopia”comesfrom2Greekwordsmeaning“noplace”andwasadoptedbyMoreasthenameofhisidealcommonwealth.Ithasbeensinceusedtodesignatetheidealstate.,B.The1sthalfofthecentury:lyricalpoemsbyThomasWyatt,thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglit.EarlofSurreywrotethefirstEnglishblankverse.C.The2ndhalfofthecentury:lyricalpoetrybecamewidespreadinEngland.Theoutstandinglyricalandepicpoets:PhilipSidney,ThomasCampion,andEdmundSpenser,thelast,the“poetspoet”,theauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFairyQueen.,D.ModernEnglish:ThepublicationofSpensersfirstworkTheShepherdsCalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflower,thelanguagethentobecalledModernEnglish,todistinguishfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucersday.E.Novel,drama,essayinthe2ndhalfofthecentury:,Novel:AnothertypicalliteraryformRomancewrittenforthe“gentlereaders”.JohnLylys“Euphues”(1580),therepresentativeofsuchworks,writteninapeculiarstyleknownas“Euphuism”(绮丽体),whichconsistsintheuseofbalancedsentencesandwordsalliterating,rimingoridentical,e.g.“thehotliverofaheadlesslover”.,Drama:Thegreatest,ChristopherMarlowe,themostgiftedofthe“Universitywits”.Bestplays:Tamburlaine(1587),Ambition;TheJewofMalta(1592),GreedforWealth;DoctorFaustus(1588),DesireforKnowledge.Essay:attheendofthecenturythegreatEnglishscientistandphilosopherFrancisBaconwrotehisfamousphilosophicalandliteraryworks.,WilliamShakespeare1564-1616,“Alltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”,ShakespearesLife,1)HewasbornonApril23,1564inStratford-on-Avon.2)Heoncewenttothelocalgrammarschoolatseven.3)At14,heleftschoolandbecameateacher.4)In1582,hewasmarriedtoAnneHathaway.5)HewenttoLondonandbeganwritingin1586or1587.6)HelaterbecamepartownerofthetheatreGlobe.7)Hereturnedtohisnativetownin1611.8)HediedonApril23,1616andwasburiedinStratfordChurch.,BorninStratfordThe3rdof8kidsMarriedatage18(hiswifewas26)WorkedasanactorBy1594atleast6playshadbeenpublished,TheBirthPlaceofShakespeare,TheGlobeTheater1599,TheNewGlobeTheater1999,Shakespearesgreatesttragedies,HamletOthelloKingLearMacbeth.,Shakespearesgreatestcomedies,TheMerchantofVeniceAMidsummerNightsDreamAsYouLikeItTheTwelfthNight,ThreeStylesofSonnet,PetrarchanStyle:abbaabbacdecde/cdcdcdSpenserianStyle:ababbcbccdcdeeShakespearianStyle:ababcdcdefefgg,Sonnet18byWilliamShakespeare,ThemeThepoetfirstsingshighpraiseoftheyouthofhisfriend;thenhebelieveshispoetrywillbringeternitytotheonehelovesandeulogizes(praises).,Sonnet29byWilliamShakespeare,ThemeThepoetfirstcomplainsofhismiseriesanddissatisfactioncausedbymisfortune,thenshowsushisgreatjoyatthethoughtofhisfriendandhissweetlove.,中国歌颂友谊的歌、词选,长亭外，古道边，芳草碧连天。晚风拂柳笛声残，夕阳山外山。天之涯，海之角，知交半零落。一瓢浊酒尽余欢，今宵别梦寒。(李叔同：送别)与君离别意，同是宦游人。海内存知己，天涯若比邻。(王勃：送杜少府之任蜀州),赠汪伦李白,李白乘舟将欲行，忽闻岸上踏歌声。桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。,Hamlet,AnalysisofHamletscharacterandhisrevenge,Hamlet,afrailandweak-mindedyouth?Athought-sickdreamer?Amanactiveinthoughtbutpassiveandslowinaction?Whydoeshedelaytakingrevengeforhisfather?ThesearetheimportantfactorstounderstandHamletscharacterandtheplay(Itiscalled“aplayinplay”).,1)Hamlet,ahumanist,amanfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions;hasanunboundedlovefortheworldratherthanforheaven;cherishesaprofoundreverenceforman,andafirmbeliefinmanspoweroverdestiny.2)Hisintellectualisoutstanding.Acloseobserverofmenandmanners.Throughtheinfidelityofhismother,theservilityofthecourtiers,thefalsehoodofhisschoolfellows,andfinallythecrimeofhisuncle,discoverstheworldwickedandunjust.Hisobservationoftheworldissummedupinabittersentence:“Denmarkisaprison”.,3)Melancholyisthekey-noteofhischaracter.a)REVENGE:Thetriplewrongs:murder,usurpation,incest.Bymeditationheknowsrevengeiseasy,butnotmerelypersonalone.Hismererevengeuponhisunclewouldinnowaysolvetheproblemsthattroubleandupsethim;toexposetherootsoftheevilandtoestablishareignofjustice.Hehastoconsiderthefateofhiscountry,notmerelyhispersonalwrongs.Hesaid“Thetimeisoutofjoint:-Ocursedspite,/ThateverIwasborntosetitright!”b)PURPOSE:delaykillingClaudiustokillthesoulaswellasthebody:Responsibility-thentheabruptdeathofthekingmightcausepanictothepeopleanddangertothestate,soheconsidersnothispersonalwrongbutthefate,thefutureofhiscountry.,TheMerchantofVenice,Storyof“TheMerchantofVenice”,ComedyinfiveactsbyWilliamShakespeare,performedabout1596-97,printedinaquartoeditionfromfoulpapersin1600.MuchlesslightheartedthanShakespearesothercomedies,theworkisaseriousstudyofloveandmarriageandoftheabuseofwealth.Bassanio,anoblebutpennilessVenetian,askshiswealthymerchantfriendAntonioforaloansoastoimpressandwootheheiressPortia.Antonio,whosemoneyisinvestedinforeignventures,borrowsthesumfromShylock,aJewishmoneylender,ontheconditionthatiftheloancannotberepaidintimeAntoniowillforfeitapoundofflesh.Meanwhile,BassaniohasmetthetermsofPortiasfatherswillbyselectingfromthreecasketsthatwhichcontainsherportrait,andheandPortiamarry.NewsarrivesthatAntoniosshipshavebeendestroyed.,Unabletocollectonhisloan,Shylockattemptstousejusticetoenforceaterrible,murderousrevengeonAntonio-hewantsthepoundoffleshAntonioscornfullyassuredhim.HisplanisfoiledbyPortia,disguisedasalawyer,whoturnsthetablesonShylockbyalegalquibble:hemusttakefleshonly,andifanybloodisspilledShylockmustdie.Thus,thecontractiscanceled,andShylockisorderedtogivehalfofhisestatetoAntonio,whoagreesnottotakethemoneyifShylockconvertstoChristianityandrestoreshisdisinheriteddaughterJessica,whohasmarriedaChristian,tohiswill.Shylockhaslittlechoicebuttoagree.Theplayendswiththenewsthat,infact,someofAntoniosshipshavearrivedsafely.(seealsoIndex:Bassanio(fictionalcharacter,Antonio(fictionalcharacter,TheMerchantofVenice,Portia(fictionalcharacter,TheMerchantofVenice,Shylock(fictionalcharacter),AmongtheplaysseveralnotablesecondarycharactersisLancelotGobbo,whowhentheplaybeginsisintheserviceofShylock.HedecidestoserveBassanioinstead.TheMerchantofVeniceintroducedtwoexpressionstotheEnglishlanguage:apoundofflesh,tosignifyanextortionatepaymentorbargain,andshylock,toindicateanextortionatecreditor.ThecharacterofShylockhasbeenthesubjectofmodernscholarlydebateoverwhethertheplaywrightdisplayedanti-Semitismorreligioustoleranceinhischaracterization,for,despitehisstereotypicalusuriousnature,Shylockisdepictedasunderstandablyfullofhate,havingbeenbothverballyandphysicallyabusedbyChristians,andheisgivenoneofShakespearesmosteloquentspeeches(HathnotaJeweyes?.).,AnalysisofShylock,Heisgreedy,miserly,fierceandmalicious;Heisadeptatschemingandsetsatrapartfully;Hepocketsinsultsandwatchesforachancetotakerevenge;Heiseloquentandunyielding;Hedefendshisrightsandinterestsandnationaldignity.Heisalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecution(sympathy).,AnalysisofPortia,Aswecansee,Portiafindsalegalflawbyherwisdom,attendsthetrialasalawyer,andthendefendsAntoniosuccessfullyandShylockgetshislifeagainthankstothemercyandkindnessoftheDuke.Sheisbeautiful,wise,kind,friendly,experienced,calm,cultured,independent,withjustice,graciousandmerciful.,FrancisBacon,“OfStudies”,ToberecitedComparedwith劝学篇,LifeofFrancisBacon(1561-1626),Bornintoanoblefamily,hewassonofSirNicholasBacon,LordKeeperoftheSeal,andofthelearnedAnnCook.At12,hewenttoCambridge;at16,hetookuplaw.At17,hewasinFranceinthetrainoftheEnglishambassador.AppointedLordChancellorin1618,Baconwasremovedfromoffice3yearslaterforacceptingabribefromalitigant.AlexanderPopesummeduphischaracterasfollows:Ifpartsallurethee,thinkhowBaconshines,thewisest,brightestandmeanestofmankind.In1626,hediedinLondon.,Hisworks:,Threetypes:thephilosophical,theliterary,andtheprofessionalworks.1)Philosophicalworks:AdvancementofLearning学术的进展;NovumOrganum(TheNewInstrument)新工具;NewAtlantis新大西岛;2)Literaryworks:Essays随笔(OfTruth;OfFriendship;OfStudies;OfWisdomforaMansSelf)3)Professionalworks:MaximsoftheLawReadingontheStatureofUses.,MottosbyFrancisBacon,Seeknotproudriches,butsuchasthoumayestgetjustly,usesoberly,distributecheerfully,andleavecontentedly.不要寻求令人称羡的财富，应当追求这样的境界：对财富正当地获取，清醒地使用，愉快地施舍并能知足地放弃。Itisimpossibletoloveandbewise.要恋爱而又要理智是不可能的。,MottosbyFrancisBacon,Thispassionhathhisfloods,inverytimesofweakness;whicharegreatprosperity,andgreatadversity;thoughthislatterhathbeenlessobserved:bothwhichtimeskindlelove,andmakeitmorefervent,andthereforeshowittobethechildoffolly当人心最软弱的时候，爱情最容易入侵，那就是当人得意春风，忘乎所以和处境窘困孤独凄零的时候，虽然后者未必能得到爱情。人在这样的时候最急于跳入爱情的火焰中由此可见，“爱情”实在是“愚蠢”的儿子,MottosbyFrancisBacon,Inbeauty,thatoffavor,ismorethanthatofcolor;andthatofdece