Of-Studies-课件

EssayReading,Whatisanessay?(Prose?),Anarticlewhichdiscussesatopic.Itundertakestodiscussamatter,expressapointofview,persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplyentertain.Invitingustoenteraworldofthoughtandexperience,itpersuadesustoviewthingsinaparticularway.-directandexplicit(expositionofideas)-Basedonfacts,dataandinformation,itismorefactualratherthanfictional.(Incontrasttotheimaginativefeatureofothergenres)Ithasuncertainstatusinliterature.,TypesofEssays,Narrativeessays:totellsstories,chronicleeventsExpositoryessays:toexplainideasandattitudesSpeculativeessays:toexploreideasandfeelings,lessauthoritative,lessinsistentArgumentativeessays:tomakeclaimsandpresentevidencestosupport,ElementsoftheEssay,Voice(tone,attitude)-formal,dignified,elegant,solemn,allusive,authoritative,reversed,controlled-casual,intimate,andconversational,humorous,conciseandsharp,urgent,insistent,wittyandcharmingStyle:howdoestheauthoruselanguageinauniqueway-diction(individualchoiceofwords)formalorinformalwords,colloquial-syntax:longandcomplexsentences,orshort,simplesentences;parallelismandbalance;rhythm,punctuations-figureofspeech:theuseofsimile,metaphor,imagesofcomparisons,etc,inordertoclarifyabstractideas,thoughtsandfeelings,andtoillustrateapointwithvividnessstructure:howthoughtconnectwiththoughtThought:ideas,views,arguments(Canbewithfeelings),梁实秋散文周作人散文余光中散文余秋雨散文宗璞散文杨朔散文周国平散文,OfStudiesbyFrancisBacon(15611626),Nametipsascientiapotestasest.知识就是力量。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Somebooksaretobetasted，otherstobeswallowed，andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtitle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩Wivesareyoungmensmistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmensnurses.,FrancisBacon(15611626),EducatedatTrinityCollege,Cambridge.representativeoftheEnglishRenaissanceStatesman,philosopher,essayistLordKeeperoftheSealandthenLordChancellorofEngland.Apioneerofmodernscientificthought.philosophyofmaterialismScientificexperiment,freshobservation,inductivereasoning(deductivethinking)“ArealprogenitorofEnglishMaterialism”.TheAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620).新工具TheNewAtlantis(1626)(Utopia),Baconsliterarysuccess:Essays,58essays(1597and1625):coveringawidevarietyofsubjectsinrelationtothesociallifeofhisage.Usuallyeachessaydiscussesasinglesubject,forinstance,OfStudies,OfBeauty,OfRiches.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBaconsprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.BaconsessayswereundertheimpactofMontaigne(蒙田),aFrenchessayistintheageofRenaissance.Baconsessaysarecharacterizedbytheirconcisenessandbrevity,simplicityandforcefulness,practicalityandversatility.Manysentencesinhisessaysaresuccinct(简洁),impersonal(客观),aphoristic(似格言),andhavebecomeverypopular.BaconsessaysarerecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.,OfStudies,ItisthemostpopularofBacons58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compact(简洁的)andprecise,“OfStudies”revealstousBaconsmatureattitudetowardlearning.Thisessayimpressesthereadernotonlybyitsargumentativestrengthbutalsobyitseleganceofstyle.,Whatisthemainidea?,1.whatpurposesdoesstudieschieflyservefor?2.Howshouldpeoplestudy?-differentattitudestostudies-differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeople3.Whatinfluencedostudieshaveonourhumancharacter?,LanguageandStyle,1.succinctandconcise-ellipsis(omission)-shortsentencesTheirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;()forornament,isindiscourse;and()forability,isinthejudgment,anddispositionofbusiness.Historiesmakemenwise;poets()witty;themathematics()subtitle;naturalphilosophy()deep;moral()grave;logicandrhetoric()abletocontend,2.easytounderstand-simile-metaphor-analogyNaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyningbystudyDistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.,3.forcefulandstriking-parallelism:balancedsentencestructures排比句Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.-Antithesis:thesettingofcontrastingphrases(ofoppositeideas)foremphasis(throughparallelstructure).对偶句Afriendexaggeratesamansvirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem-Usingsynonyms,superordinates(上位词),hyponyms(下位词)forstresssuperordinates(vegetable),hyponyms(cabbage,carrot,potato,tomato)weighandconsider;talkanddiscourse;taste,swallow,chew,digest,4.solemn,classical-balancedsentencestructures-Latinquotations5.aphoristic:witty,preciseandpointed,incisiveandprofound-fulloftruthandwisdom(practical)-richexperience,sharpobservationandwideknowledge6.tone:impersonal,Forcefulandpersuasive,compact(简洁的)andprecise,“OfStudies”revealstousBaconsmatureattitudetowardlearning.Thisessayimpressesthereadernotonlybyitsargumentativestrengthbutalsobyitseleganceofstyle.培根对文学的主要贡献是他的论说文集或称随笔（Essays），共收入文章58篇。英语论说文又称“随笔”，或“小品文”，都是散文（prose）体的一种。培根学识渊博，阅历丰富，对社会人生观察细致，思考周密，其文涉及社会风尚、为人处世、治学方法等各个方面，无所不包；兼之文笔简洁，擅用类比，论述透彻，文中充满哲理之精辟处几乎俯拾皆是，许多已成为家喻户晓的格言名句。培根的修身处世箴言充分体现了他一贯的崇尚实用、讲究实际的思想。,QuestionsforDiscussion:1.Summarizethemainideaoftheessay.2.Whydoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience”?3.Doyouagreethatbookssh