Theodore_Dreiser_西奥多德莱塞（课堂PPT）

NaturalismthisstancemarksSisterCarrieasadeparturefromtheconventionalliteratureoftheperiod.,16,2020/5/19,Characters,CarrieMeeberCharlieDrouetGeorgeHurstwood,17,2020/5/19,CarrieMeeber,Caroline(Carrie)Meeber,theprotagonistofthenovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisterandherbrother-in-law.TheworldofChicagoenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuythings.Herfirstjobisalow-paid,arduouspositioninafactory.Whenshelosesherjob,hersisterandbrother-in-lawcannotsupporther,soshebecomesCharlieDrouetsmistress.Afterward,shebecomesinfatuatedwithanotherman,GeorgeHurstwood.CarrieandHurstwoodruntoNewYork,wheretheydiscoverthatmarriedlifeisfarlessexcitingthantheiraffair.CarrieleavesHurstwoodbecausehefailstoprovideherwiththelavishlifeshewants.Shebecomesafamous,high-paidactressinNewYorkCity.,18,2020/5/19,Nature,notsocialideas,hasformedCarrieMeeber.SheentrustsherselffirsttoDrouet,thentoHurstwood,notasanopportunist,butoutofforcecircumstance.Sheisjustlikeafeatherinthewind.Fortunateenough,shefollowstherightdirectiontoapursuitoftheAmericanDream.Circumstancesandherdesiresforabetterlifedirecthertothesuccessfulgoal.,19,2020/5/19,Butsheisnotcontented,becausewithwealthandfame,shestillfindsherselflonely.Sheknowsthatherconceptofwhatconstituteshappinesshasbeeninadequate.Thisfindingisamanifestationofherdistinctivedifferencefromotherwealthypeople:Carrieis,bynature,notabadgirl.Sheisaproductofthesociety,arealizationofthetheorythatthefittestsurvive.,20,2020/5/19,CharlieDrouet,CharlieDrouetisacharming,flashy(浮华的)salesmanwithastrongappetiteforromance.Althoughheiswarm-hearted,henevertakesanyofhisromanticaffairsseriously.HeprovidesCarriewithaplacetostayaftersheisforcedtostoplivingwithhersister;healsopromisestomarryher,butheneverreallyintendsto.HelosesCarrietoHurstwoodandthen,yearslater,aftershehasbecomeafamousactress,triesunsuccessfullytowinherback.,21,2020/5/19,GeorgeHurstwood,GeorgeHurstwoodisthemanagerofasalooninChicago.Atthebeginningofthenovel,heisawealthy,importantman.HefallsinlovewithCarrieaftermeetingherthroughDrouet.HetellsCarriethathelovesher,buthefailstomentionthatheismarried.AfterhiswifediscovershisaffairwithCarrieandfilesfordivorce,hestealstenthousanddollarsfromthesaloonandfleeswithCarrietoMontreal.,22,2020/5/19,There,hemarriesherbeforehisdivorcewithJuliaiscomplete.AlthoughhekeepshistheftasecretfromCarrie,heisdiscoveredbyaninvestigatorandrequiredtoreturnmostofthemoneyinordertoprotecthisreputation.InNewYork,Hurstwoodslowlydescendsintopoverty.AfterCarrieleaveshim,hebecomesahomelessbeggarandeventuallycommitssuicide.,23,2020/5/19,IfCarrieisthepositiveconvictionproofofthetheorythatthefittestsurvive,thenHurstwoodisnegativeevidence.HeisdrivenbyhisinstinctivedrivesandelopeswithCarrietoanewenvironment.Heisstillconventionalandcannotthrowabruptlyawaythelong-heldsocialmorals.ThereforeheisnotfittedtoliveinNewYork.Hehasfailedbecauseheleaveshisoriginalplace.Histragedyisthetriumphsofthenaturaldesiresandofthetheorythatthefittestsurvive.,24,2020/5/19,Themes,AmericanDreamChangeandTransformationChoicesandConsequencesWealthandPovertyIdentitySex,25,2020/5/19,AmericanDream,EachofDreiserscharactersinSisterCarriesearchfortheirownAmericanDreamsCarrie,apoorcountrygirl,arrivesinChicago,filledwiththeexpectationsofacquiringthefinerthingsinlife.Sheimaginestheelegantclothesshewillwear,theexcitingplacestowhichshewillgo,andthefashionablepeoplewithwhomshewillassociate,thinkingthateveryonewholivesbeyondtheboundariesofherMidwesternstatehasachievedthathigherstatus.DrouetseekshisownversionoftheAmericanDream.Hehasachievedacertainstationinlifeandwearstheclothestoproveit.Hefrequentstheimportantestablishmentsintownandhasbefriendedmanyoftheestablishedpeople.Yet,hepursuestheotherappointmentsthatrepresenthisdream,suchasabeautifulwomantoadornhisarmandhisownhome.Hurstwoodhasthewoman,theestablishedhomeandfamily,andagoodposition.He,though,wantsmore.Heseekslove,appreciation,andmoreprestige.,26,2020/5/19,ChangeandTransformation,CarrieandHurstwoodundergodramaticchangesfromthebeginningofthenoveltotheend.Carriestransitiontakesherfromcountrybumpkintoglamorousactress.Hurstwoodstransitionmoveshimfromprominentandtrustedbusinessman,husband,andfathertohomelessstreetbeggar.,27,2020/5/19,ChoicesandConsequences,Hurstwoodmakesonechoicethatdramaticallyaffectstherestofhislife.Whileallchoicesresultinconsequences,thoseconsequencescanbepositiveornegative.Hurstwoodsdecisiontotakethemoneyfromhisemployerssafestartshiswaytotheeventualsuicide.,28,2020/5/19,WealthandPoverty,IndustrialgrowthbroughttheUnitedStatesaperiodofprosperityduringthelate1800sandearly1900s.Withfactoriesflourishing,jobopportunitieswereabundant.Peoplemadegoodmoneyinfactorymanagementpositionsandotherwhite-collarjobs.Factoryworkers,however,notonlyearnedlowincomes,buttheyalsoworkedlonghours.Consequently,awidedivisionexistedbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.Carriecomesfromalower-middle-classbackgroundanddeterminesthatshewillriseaboveit.Carriewantsmoreforherself.ThroughoutSisterCarrie,thedistinctionbetweensocialclassesisobvious.Theclothespeoplewear,thehomesinwhichtheylive,andtheactivitiesinwhichtheyareinvolveddistinguishtherichfromthepoor.Thewealthywearstylishclothesandattendelaborateperformancesofthearts.Inthefinalchapter,thedescriptionofHurstwoodslastdaysoffersavividpictureoftheultimateplight(困境)ofthepoorest.,29,2020/5/19,Identity,Experiencescontributegreatlytoshapingpeoplesidentities.Carriestransformationfromthebeginningofthenoveltotheendoccursasaresultofherresponsestoherexperiences.TheCarriewhoboardsthetraininColumbiaCitysitsprimly(拘谨地),tryingtoignoretheglancesofthemanseatednearher.Havingcertainmorals,CarriehesitatestoacknowledgeDrouetspresence.gainsherrecognitionasanacclaimedactressbutdoesnotresultinherachievinghappiness.,30,2020/5/19,Yet,sherespondsquicklytohisinitialcommentsonherandmakesdirecteyecontactwithhimwhenshesenseshisinterestinher.Fromthispointon,Carrieallowsherselftoactinwhatevermannerbenefitsher.LeavinghersistershomeandmovingaroundwithDrouet,shesees,though,thatthisactionwillgetherclosertohavingwhatshewants.Assheunderstandshervaluetoothers,shechangesheridentityaccordingly.Asaresult,sheneverreallyhasanidentitybutadjustsher“act”tofitthesituation.Intheend,thisability,31,2020/5/19,Sex,Intheearly1900s,themoralsandvirtuesoftheVictorianerastillguidedpeoplesactions.Peoplewithproperupbringingdidnotspeakofsex.ThepublicwasshockedthatDreiserscharacterssoopenlyparticipatedinexplicitrelationshipsandthatDreiserseemedtotakeitgranted.Carrieusessextogainstatusforherself.SheseesnothingwronginlivingwithDrouettogettheclothesshewantsandtohaveopportunitiestomoveinChicagosrichcircles.Later,CarrieseesthatHurstwoodcanofferheranevenhigherstandardofliving.Sheignoresthefactthatheisalreadymarriedandthetwoofthemwillbecommittingadultery.WithnoregardforDrouetsemotions,shebreaksofftheirrelationshipandpursuesonewithHurstwood.AfterlivingwithHurstwoodforsometime,sherealizesshecannolongerbenefitfromthearrangementandleaveshim,too.,32,2020/5/19,DreisersWritingStyle,WithoutgoodconstructionDeficientcharacterizationLackinimaginationSimplewordsJournalisticmethodofreiteration重复新闻手法Techniquesinpainting(word-picture,sharpcontrast,truthincolor,movementinoutline),33,2020/5/19,EvaluationonTheodoreDreiser,1)DreiserhasbeenacontroversialfigureinAmericanliteraryhistory.HisworksarepowerfulintheirportrayalofthechangingAmericanlife,buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.Heshowedanewwayofpresentingrealityandinspiredthewritersofthe1920swithcourageandinsight.ItisinDreisersworksthatAmericannaturalismissaidtohavecomeofage.,34,2020/5/19,2)HeembracedsocialDarwinism.Helearnedtoregardmanasmerelyananimaldrivenbygreedandlustinastruggleforexistenceinwhichonlythefittest,themostruthless,survive.Humantragedycomesasaresultofthecollisionbetweenmansbiologicalneedsandsocietysruthlessmanipulation.,35,2020/5/19,3)ItisDreisersannouncedintentiontoreportthecoarseandthevulgarandthecruelandtheterribleinlifeindefianceofthegenteelandevasivecurrentliteraturewithwhichhehadabsolutelynopatienceandsympathy.4)Dreiserswritingsrevealatremendousvitallustforlifewithaconvictionthatmanistheendandmeasureofallthingsinaworldwhichisdevoidofpurposeandstandards.,36,2020/5/19,AlthoughDreisersnovelsareformlessattimesandawkwardlywrittenandhischaracterizationisfounddeficientandhisprosepedestriananddull,yethisveryenergyprovestobemorethanacompensation.6)Heisgoodatemployingthejournalisticmethodofreiterationtoburnacentralimpressionintothereadersmind.Hisinterestinpaintingisreflectedinhistasteforword-pictures