英美概况第二讲(UK-History)

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英语国家社会与文化入门,AnIntroductiontotheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries,LanzhouJiaotongUniversityLiuHong,Chapter2History,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英语国家概况,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,TransitiontotheModernAge,II,III,CONTENT,TheFoundingoftheNation,I,1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons,1.1.1PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)9,000yearsagopartofE-Continentabout3,100BCthenativeNeolithicpeople(Stonehenge),StonehengeItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituatedonSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire.PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5,100yearsago,draggingeachstoneintoplace.,StonehengeanditsStatue,1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons,ThenameofBritainBritonsTribalsocietyCelticLanguage(IrishGaelic,ScottishGaelic,Welsh),1.1.2CelticBritain(8th-5thCenturyBC),FirstinvasionInAugust55BC,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainSecondCaesarssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinalIn43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainLeftGermanicbarbariansattackedRome,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.,1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD-5thCentury),JuliusCaesar(GaiusJuliusCaesar,恺撒大帝,100BC-44BC)ChangedthecourseofthehistoryoftheGreco-Romanworlddecisivelyandirreversibly.Launchedaseriesofpoliticalandsocialreforms.Assassinatedbyagroupofnobles.,1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD-5thCentury),JuliusCaesar,Capableadministratorsthe1297version,withthelongtitle(originallyinLatin)TheGreatCharteroftheLibertiesofEngland,andoftheLibertiesoftheForest,stillremainsonthestatutebooksofEnglandandWales.Contained63clauses.Significancetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-governmentmerchantsandcraftsmenforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcepartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday,1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta),ProvisionsofOxfordlimitingtheKingspowerbycallingregularmeetingsofa15-memberPrivyCouncil(枢密院)ParlertotalkOfficialformationofthetwohousesofparliament:HouseofLordsHouseofCommons,1.2.2BirthofParliament,aseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade,territory,securityandthethronepromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalismpromotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustryraisedthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass,1.2.3HundredYearsWar(1337-1453),HouseofYork(约克王朝)YoungerbranchoftheHouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)ofEngland.reignedoverEnglandfrom1461-1485ThesymboloftheHouseofYorkwasawhiterosebecauseinChristiansymbolism,whiteisthesymboloflight,typifyinginnocenceandpurity,joyandglory.HouseofLancaster(兰开斯特王朝)abranchofthehouseofPlantagenet.ThebadgeoftheHouseofLancasterwasaredrose.ItrepresentstheVirginMary,whowasoftencalledtheMysticalRoseofHeaven.ItwontheWarsoftheRoses.,1.2.3HundredYearsWar(1337-1453),AwarforthethronebetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster.Itreducedthepowerofnobilityandhelpedtoincreasethepowerofthenewrisingbourgeoisclass.TheHouseofLancasterwonandtheirleaderHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor(1485-1603).,1.2.4TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485),HouseofTudor(都铎王朝)AnEnglishroyaldynastyofWelshorigin,whichruledEnglandfrom1485to1603MarkedbyHenryVIIIsbreakwiththepapacy(教皇)inRome(1534)andthebeginningoftheEnglishReformationTheperiodwitnessedthehighpointoftheEnglishRenaissance.,1.2.4TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485),TransitiontotheModernAge,2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,2.1ReligiousReformation,Reasons2religiouscamps:CatholicandProtestantImmediatecause:HenryVIIIsdivorceActofSupremacyHenryVIII“theonlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”Inessence,theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise.,HenryVIII,KingHenryVIII(1491-1547)KingofEngland(1509-1547),whopresidedoverthebeginningsoftheEnglishRenaissanceandtheEnglishReformation.HisattempttodivorcehisfirstwifeistheimmediatecauseoftheReformation.In1534,hedeclaredhimselftobetheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland.,2.1ReligiousReformation,HenryVIII,QueenElizabethI(1533-1603)HerreignisoftenreferredtoasTheGoldenAgeofEnglishhistory.Ingovernment,Elizabethwasmoremoderate.Inreligionshewasrelativelytolerant.ConsolidatedtheChurchofEngland.DefendedthefruitoftheReformationinessence.,Elizabeth,2.1ReligiousReformation,GoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryEnglandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.Theageofexploration:claimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoodsTheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterQueenElizabeth.,2.1ReligiousReformation,parliamentaryclashesovermonopoliesthemonarchyattemptedtocontrolcommercialactivitiesintheinterestsofthecourtKingCharlesIdissolvedParliamentin1629,andruledthecountrywithoutitforelevenyears.,ThevariousclassesinEnglandsoonsplitupintotwocamps:Parliament:merchants,artisansandapprentices,peasantsKing:gentry,biglandlordsandmonopolists,2.1ReligiousReformation,thecivilwar(1642-1651)BetweentheRoyalists(theCavalier保王党人)andParliamentarians(Roundheads圆颅党人)Result:themonarchywasabolishedEnglandwasdeclaredacommonwealth,i.e.arepublic,2.2TheCivilWar,TheCommonwealth(1649-1660)Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660,ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.,2.2TheCivilWar,Cromwell,2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,Restoration:1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicism,GloriousRevolution1688:jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689:BillofRights(limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament)removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy,BillofRights(人权法案)FormallyAnActDeclaringtheRightsandLibertiesoftheSubjectandSettlingtheSuccessionoftheCrown(1689)passedbytheParliamentin1689Themainpurpose:todeclareillegalvariouspracticesofJamesIISignificance:limitingthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteeingtheauthorityofParliament,2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,SevenYearsWar(1756-1763)consideredasthefirstglobalconflictinhistoryinvolvingmostofthegreatpowersofthetime,suchasBritain,France,Austria,Sweden,andSpain.Causes:overlappinginterestsintheircolonialandtradeempiresbetweenBritainandFrance,andterritorialconflictsintheHolyRomanEmpire,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,TheIndustrialRevolutiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasons:hugemarketcoloniesinAmericaandIndiacapitalenclosuremovementlaborAseriesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustrymarkedthebeginningofIndustrialRevolution:SpinningJennyWaterframeSpinningmulePowerloomSteamengine,SpinningJenny,Powerloom,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,MeansofTransportationcanalsweredugtoshipgoodsthesteamlocomotivewasinventedin1814thefirstrailwaywascompletedin1825largemerchantfleet,SteamEngine,MerchantFleet,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,Bythemiddleof19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedinBritain.,Theinfluence:Britainchangedinmanywaysdramaticallyincreasedindustrialproductivity,theprocessofurbanizationchangesinthesocialclassstructuretheconflictbetweenthecapitalistsandtheproletariansthemostimportantpoliticalissue,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,FirstBritishEmpire:19thCenturyItincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.,SecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge:Mid-andlate-19thCenturyQueenVictoriasforeignpolicyNewImperialismItincludedthecoloniesinAustralia,NewZealandandCanadadominionsVictoria“EmpressofIndia”InAsia,occupiedBurmaandsomeothersmallstates.OpiumWaragainstChinaInAfrica,controlledSuezCanalandconqueredEgyptUnionofSouthAfricathe4thdominion,3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire,3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire,QueenVictoria(AlexandrinaVictoria,1819-1901)Ruledfrom1837to1901,thelongestreignintheBritainhistory(theVictorianAge)theVictorianAge:featuredbytremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspectHerforeignpolicyNewImperialism,leadstothegreatexpansionoftheBritishEmpire.,OntheEveofWorldWarI,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempiretheworldhadeverseen.Itcontrolledaboutaquarteroftheworldslandmass.TheBritishboastedthattheyhad“anempireonwhichthesunneverset”.,3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire,3.2BritainintheWorldWars,3.2.1WorldWarI,Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury,BritainsdominancewaschallengedbyotherEuropeannationsandtheUS.TwocampsinEurope:CentralPowers:Germany,Austria-Hungary,TurkeyAllies:GreatBritain,France,Russia,ItalyandUSTheimmediatecauseassassinationinSarajevo,MostcountriessupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswon.ThecostofthewarforBritainwasgreat:drainedofitsmanpowerlosttheseasupremacyahugenationaldebt,3.2.1WorldWarI,GermanylaunchingaplantoconquerEuropeBritainappeasementdeclaredwaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939alliancewiththeSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesGermanysurrenderedunconditionallyonMay7,1945greatcostlostitsnavalsupremacyandindebttotheUnitedStates,3.2.2WorldWarII,WinstonChurchill(SirWinstonLeonardSpencerChurchill,1874-1965)Britishstatesman,orator,andauthor.famousforhisspeechesThefamousline“Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tears,andsweat”comesfromhisfirstspeechasPrimeMinister.AsthePrimeMinister(1940-45,1951-55),heralliedtheBritishpeopleduringWorldWarIIandledBritainfromthebrinkofdefeattovictory.,3.2.2WorldWarII,WinstonChurchill,IndependencemovementIndia,Pakistan,Burma,MalayaandEgyptBritishCommonwealthofNations(alooselyorganizedcommunityofformerBritishcolonies),3.3TheFalloftheEmpire,BritainsinceWorldWarII,OneoftheBigThreeafterWWIIForeignPolicy:ThreeMajesticCircleslessinvolvementintheCommonwealthcircleclosecooperationwiththeUnitedStatesanisolationistpolicytowardsEurope由英国前首相温斯顿丘吉尔提出的英国在第二次世界大战后初期的外交战略。其主旨是企图通过英国在与美国、英联邦和联合起来的欧洲这三个环节中的特殊联系，充当三者的联结点和纽带，以维护英国的传统利益和大国地位。,4.1.“ThreeMajesticCircles”,NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)MilitaryallianceestablishedbytheNorthAtlanticTreaty(alsocalledtheWashingtonTreaty)onApril4,1949DuringtheColdWarNATOsprimarypurposewastounifyandstrengthentheWesternAlliesmilitaryresponsetoapossibleinvasionbytheSovietUnionanditsWarsawPactallies(华约).Inthepost-ColdWareratofosterdialogandcooperationwithformeradversariesintheWarsawPactandto“manage”conflictsinEuropeBritainjoinedtheNATOin1949.,4.1.“ThreeMajesticCircles”,MargaretThatcherReestablished“specialrelationship”withtheUnitedStatesagainstEuropeanintegration,TonyBlairmorepositivetowardsEurope(butrefusedtojointheEuro)furtherstrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStates,4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUS,Cartoon:TheSpecialRelationshipbetweenBritannia&UncleSam,MargaretThatcher(玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔,1925-2013)Britainsfirstfemaleprimeministerwhoservedthreeconsecutivetermsinoffice(1979-1990).theIronLady,anicknamethatbecameassociatedwithheruncompromisingpoliticsandleadershipstyle.SheacceleratedtheevolutionoftheBritisheconomyfromstatism(国家主义)toliberalism.,4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUS,MargaretThatcher,MargaretThatcher(玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔,1925-2013)Herpoliticalphilosophyandeconomicpoliciesemphasizedderegulation(放松管制),flexiblelabormarkets,theprivatizationofstate-ownedcompanies,andreducingthepowerandinfluenceoftradeunions.DiedofastrokeonApril8,2013,attheageof87.,MargaretThatcher,4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUS,TonyBlair(AnthonyCharlesLyntonBlair,1953-)ServedasthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom1997-2007.PursuedamorepositivepolicytowardEuropeyetrefusetoadopttheeuroin1999.StrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStatesandjoinedtheU.S.inmanymilitaryactions,suchasthe“OperationDesertStorm”in1991.,4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUS,TonyBlair,50ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistory,Indateorder：Stonehenge3100BCRomanInvasionandCivilisation43ADStAugustineandChristianity3thKingAlfredtheGreatandtheDoomBook878BattleofHastingsandNormanConquest1066MagnaCartaandtrialbyjury1215DeclarationofArbroath1314CanterburyTales1387-1400PeasantsRevolt1381ThelongbowsatAgincourt1415,ReligiousSettlement1559SirFrancisDrakeandthedefeatoftheSpanishAmrada1588Shakespeare1564GunpowderPlot1605PlantationofUlster1611ExecutionofCharlesI1649GloriousRevolutionandBillofRights1688TheBankofEngland1694ActofUnion1707BritainsfirstPrimeMinisterRobertWalpole1721,50ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistory,GincrazeandBritishdrinkculture1729TheEastIndiaCompanyandtheBattleofPlassey1757Longitude1759WattsSteamEngine1765ArkwrightsSpinningFrame1769AdamSmithsTheWealthofNations1776TheSiegeofYorktownandthel