英语语音学和音位学

语音学音位学,主讲：卢生,PHONETICS,WhatisthePhonetics?Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thediscriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.,Threemainareas,ARTICULATORYPHONETICS(发音语言学)isstudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.ACOUSTICPHONETICS(声学语言学)isthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds.PERCEPTUALorAUDITORYPHONETICS(感知，听觉语言学)isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.,Theorgansofspeech,Nasalcavity-鼻腔Mouthcavity-口腔Tongue-舌Lips-唇Teeth-齿Theteethridge-齿龈Thehardpalate-硬腭Thesoftpalate-软腭uvula-小舌Pharynx-咽头Larynx-喉头Thevocalcords-声带Windpipe-气管,咽口鼻构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道中的三大声腔(vocaltract)。发音以气流（airstream）作为能量来源。器官的顶端是喉，喉部有声带（vocalband）,声带的三种状态,分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（voiceless）即辅音【pst】贴近：声带贴近，气流振动，带声音(voiced)，浊音bzd即为带声辅音。紧闭：声带紧闭，气流无法通过，即为声门塞音,TheclassificationofSpeechsounds,Theorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants.,元音和辅音,Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.,辅音,发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法.塞音（或爆破音）STOPorPLOSIVE【pbtdkg】鼻音（NASAL）【mn】擦音（FRICATIVE）【fvzh】近音（APPROXIMANT）【wj】边音（LATERAL）【l】,颤音（TRILL）【r】触音（TAP）【tdn】city塞擦音（AFFRICATE）【tsdztrdr】church【t】,发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位。在国际音标中区分了11个发音部位。双唇音（BILABIAL）【pbm】pet，bet唇齿音（LABIODENTAL）如fire中【f】齿音（DENTAL）【】齿龈音（ALVEOLAR）【tdnsrl】齿龈后音（POSTALVEOLAR）【】,卷舌音（RETROFLEX）硬腭音（PALATAL）yesyet中的【j】软腭音（VELAR）catget中的【kg】小舌音（UVULAR）法语中的【r】咽音（PHARYNGEAL）声门音（GLOTTAL）,元音,Englishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)（单元音）Diphthongs（双元音）,Monophthongs,Thereare12monophthongs.classifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowels（圆唇元音）andunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtense（紧张）vowelsandlaxvowels（宽松）.,TheFrontVowels,Thereare4frontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense.【sealeave】/i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax.【shiphappy】/e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【heavyany】/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【landfamily】,TheBackVowels,TherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel.【classglass】/:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense.【doorfloor】/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel.【washwhat】/u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel.【blueruler】/u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel【footgood】,ThecentralVowels,TherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/,/:/,/./isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone.【coupledouble】/:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel.【learnearly】/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.【awayover】,Diphthongs（双元音）,Therearethreecentringdiphthongs:/i/,/,/u/i/glidesfrom/i/to/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout.【ideahere】/glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/.Thelipsarespread.【pearwear】/u/【sure】,TheclosingDiphthongs合口双元音,TherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i/【staysay】/ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses.【byshy】/i/glidesfromapositionbetween/and/:/to/i/.【boytoy】/u/startswith/:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.【boatcoat】/au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.【housemouse】,音位学（PHONOLOGY）,音位学主要研究一个语言中的音位归纳问题及其组