浅析马斯洛需求层次理论在旅游业中的衍伸

囚犯的生活之所以可怕，不仅仅是因为他们被剥夺了自由，而是单调乏味、一沉不变的生活太枯燥。对于为什么要去旅游，每个人都会有自己的回答：为了接近大自然，为了探索名胜古迹，为了扩大视野，为了增加知识等等。从心理学的深层角度，我们可以把旅游理解为一种“不同于日常生活的生活方式”，也就是人们为了寻求解脱或寻求补偿，暂时换个地方去体验一种新的生活以满足自己的某种需求。美国心理学家马斯洛提出了著名的需求层次理论。他把人的需求分成生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求五类，需求层次呈金字塔形式，而且是以高层次的需求为导向的。平凡的人同样具有尊重和自我实现的需求。如果旅游景点能准确把握旅游者的需求，并能提供满意的服务，就等于拿到了成功之门的金钥匙。用人本主义心理学的模型来考察旅游者的动机，以及旅游所具有的审美、休闲、消费行为，旅游不仅是获得审美享受、增长见闻知识，也是发现自我、实现自我的一种方式。马斯洛需求层次理论首先是生理上的需求。这表现在对食物、水、空气和住房等，这类需求的级别最低，人们在转向较高层次的需求之前，总是尽力满足这类需求。一个人在饥饿时不会对其它事物感兴趣，他的主要动力是得到食物。安全需求：包括对人身安全、生活稳定等的需求社交需求：社交需求包括对友谊、爱情以及隶属关系的需求。人的本质属性是社会性，人不能孤立的生存，交往是人的基本需求之一。当生理需求和安全需求得到满足后，社交需求就会突显出来。尊重需求：主要包括他人对自己的认可与尊重。每个人都希望自己的能力、名声、社会地位得到别人的重视，因而内心产生满足感和自信的体验。自我实现需求：马斯洛把它描述成“对天赋、能力、潜力等等的充分开拓和利用。这样的人能够实现自己的愿望，对他们力所能及的事总是尽力去完成。”基于人的生理需求，人们修养、运动、治疗。为了消除紧张、缓解压力而外出旅游，去寻求舒适的环境、宜人的气候。人们多在夏季到北方城市、海边和山里去避暑，多在冬季到南方去避寒，通过旅游来缓解压力愉悦心情。基于人的安全需要，人们旅游时无论是乘坐交通工具还是住宿条件都希望是安全舒适的。基于人的社交需要，通过旅游去结识新朋友、探亲访友、寻根问祖。基于尊重需要，人们选择知名度很高的热门景点，以满足提高声望、获得尊重、令人羡慕的需求。基于自我实现需要，出去旅游可以开阔视野、了解未知世界、体现自我价值，激发对未来的向往之情。从旅游者有旅游的想法开始到旅游结束，每个阶段的心理需求都是不同的。在旅游者做出旅游的决定后，即进入准备时期，这个时候为了满足自己的某种需求来选择目的地，关注旅游景点介绍，进而收集旅游信息。从踏上旅途的那一刻，旅游者的心理过程可以概括为“兴奋、新奇、期待”。到达目的地后，旅游者保持较强的好奇心和注意力、有活跃的思维和丰富的想象力。这一阶段的旅游者很需要他人给予引导和启发。为此，旅游管理者和从业人员应多给予这方面的关注，能因时制宜、具体细致，使游客心理需求得到较大的满足。旅游服务人员应本着尊重游客、一切为游客着想的理念，使服务具有较强的针对性，以满足旅游者的各种需要。1.注意旅游饭店服务的针对性旅游者对所选酒店的需求要安全、清洁、方便。安全需求是旅游者的最基本也是最重要的需求，酒店在这方面要给客人绝对的保障；无论什么级别的饭店，清洁卫生都是不可缺少的条件，对其必须高标准，严要求；饭店应为旅游者创造一个安静舒适的环境，以消除旅游者的疲劳；追求公平也是旅游者的一种心理需求，公平感会给旅游者受尊重的心理感受。所以，旅游管理应在价格和服务上不以人的穿着打扮、社会地位等而有所不同。2.应注意导游服务的针对性导游人员在旅游活动中扮演的角色通常是解说者、领导者、公关代表等。首先应注意自己的仪容、神态、语言和举止，尽量作到态度热情友好、笑容温暖亲切、形象美观大方。其次，应注意修炼自己的语言，应努力使语言准确、生动、清晰、通俗、灵活，以使旅游者通过解说对景观产生由内而外的美的享受。再次，应培养灵活的组织能力，依据旅游时间、地点的不同，游客情绪的变化，景色的变化，适时的引导游客去探索美、领略美、欣赏美和享受美。The prisoners life is terrible, not only because they were deprived of freedom, but rather monotonous, a heavy constant life is too boring. Why are going to travel, everyone has his own answer: in order to close to nature, in order to explore places of interest, in order to expand the field of vision, in order to increase the knowledge and so on. From the perspective of psychology of the deep, we can see tourism as a way of life is different from the daily life, also is the people to seek relief or seek compensation, temporarily change a place to experience a new life in order to satisfy the demands of their own some.American psychologist maslow proposed the famous hierarchy of needs. He divided the human needs into physiological needs, security needs, social demand, respect the needs and self-actualization needs, demand levels in the form of pyramid, and is a high level of demand as the Ordinary people also have a respect and self-realization needs. If the tourist attractions can accurately grasp the needs of tourists, and can provide satisfactory service, is to get the golden key to success.This doctrine of choose and employ persons psychology model to examine the motivations of tourists, and travel with the aesthetic, the leisure, consumer behavior, tourism is not only gain knowledge, aesthetic pleasure, growth experiences and found a way of self and realize self.Maslows hierarchy of needs is physiological needs first. The performance of food, water, air and housing, etc., the lowest level of this kind of demand, people before to higher levels of demand, always try our best to meet the demand of this kind. A person will not interested in other things when hunger, his main motivation is to get the food.Security requirements, including the demand for personal safety, life stability and so onSocial needs, social demand including the need for friendship, love, and the subordinate relations. Human nature is social, man cannot live in isolation, communication is one of the basic needs of people. When the physiological needs and safety needs are met, will highlight social demand.Respect needs: mainly includes the others for their recognition and respect. Everyone wants to own ability to get others attention, reputation, social status, and the experience of inner satisfaction and confidence.Self-fulfillment requirements: maslow describes it as full of talents, ability and potential, and so on development and utilization. Such a person can achieve their wishes, always try my best to finish for what they can do.Based on the persons physiological needs, people training, exercise and treatment. In order to eliminate tension, relieve stress and traveling, to seek comfortable environment, pleasant climate. People to the northern cities, the sea and the mountains in the summer, went to the south in the winter hibernation, through tourism to relieve stress is cheerful mood. Based on security needs, people travel both in transportation and accommodation conditions when all hope is safe and comfortable. Based on social needs, through travel to meet new friends, to visit friends and relatives, roots of progenitor. Based on the need to respect, people choose well-known hot spots, in order to meet the increase popularity, to gain respect, enviable demand. Based on the self-actualization needs, travel can widen the vision, understanding the unknown world, reflect ego value, arouse yearning for the future.Idea of travelling from tourists have started to travel over, each phase of the psychological demand is different. After the decision of the tourists to travel, that is, into a period of preparation, this time in order to meet their own a need to choose a destination, focus on tourist attractions is introduced, and then gather travel information. From the moment they set foot on the journey, the psychological process of tourists can be summarized as excitement, novelty, looking forward to. After arriving at our destination, tourists stay strong curiosity and attention, have active thinking and rich imagination. This one phase of the tourists need to guide and inspire others. To this end, tourism managers and employees should be given more attention in this respect, can, since detailed, satisfy tourists psychological needs to get bigger.Tourism service personnel should be based on respect for tourists, the concept of all for the sake of tourists, the service has strong pertinence, in order to meet the various needs of tourists.1. Pay attention to the tourist hotel services targeted tourists demand for the selected hotels to safe, clean and convenient. Security requirements is the most basic and most important tourist demand, the hotel will give the guests the absolute guarantee in this respect; No matter what level of hotel, clean sanitation is the indispensable condition, must be high to its, weiwei. Hotel for tourists to create a quiet and comfortable environment, in order to eliminate the fatigue of tourists; The pursuit of justice is also a kind of psychological needs of tourists, a sense of fairness will give tourists respected psychological feelings. Tourism management, therefore, should not on price and service to peoples dress, social status, etc.2. We should pay attention to the tour guide service targeted guides personnel in the role of tou