涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit 1

Unit 1 An Overview of Ocean and OceanographyText A Part IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1 The World OceanThe World Ocean, or global ocean, is the interconnected system of the Earths oceanic (or marine) waters, and comprises the bulk of the hydrosphere, covering almost 71% of the Earths surface, with a total volume of 1.332 billion cubic kilometres.The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to oceanography. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (rarely considered a sea of the Atlantic), Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean (typically reckoned instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans). In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.A global ocean has existed in one form or another on Earth for eons, and the notion dates back to classical antiquity (in the form of Oceanus). The contemporary concept of the World Ocean was coined by the Russian oceanographer Yuly Shokalsky in the early 20th century to describe what is basically a solitary, continuous ocean that covers and encircles most of the Earth.1. Ocean Conveyor BeltThe global oceanic conveyor belt is a unifying concept that connects the oceans surface and thermohaline (deep mass) circulation regimes, transporting heat and salt on a planetary scale.The conveyor belt system can be thought of as beginning near Greenland and Iceland in the North Atlantic where dry, cold winds blowing from northern Canada chill surface waters. The combined chilling of surface waters, evaporation, and sea-ice formation produces cold, salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The newly formed NADW sinks and flows southward along the continental slope of North and South America toward Antarctica where the water mass then flows eastward around the Antarctic continent (in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current). There the NADW mixes with Antarctic waters. The resulting Common Water, also called Antarctic Circumpolar water, flows northward at depth into the three ocean basins (primarily the Pacific and Indian Oceans).These bottom waters gradually warm and mix with overlying waters as they flow northward. They move to the surface at a rate of only a few meters per year. After rising to the surface in the Pacific, the surface waters flow through the many passages between the Indonesian islands into the Indian Ocean. Eventually they flow into the Agulhas Current, the Indian Ocean boundary current that flows around southern Africa. After entering the Atlantic Ocean, the surface waters join the wind-driven currents in the Atlantic, becoming saltier by evaporation under the intense tropical sun. Trade winds transport some of this water vapor out of the Atlantic Ocean basin, across the Isthmus of Panama, and into the Pacific Ocean basin. Atlantic surface waters eventually return northward to the Labrador and Greenland seas in the North Atlantic.Continued operation of the oceanic conveyor belt is important to northern Europes moderate climate because of northward transport of heat in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. The system can weaken or shut down entirely if the North Atlantic surface-water salinity somehow drops too low to allow the formation of deep-ocean water masses. This apparently happened during the Little Ice Age (about 1400 to 1850 AD). The conveyer system shut down and northern Europes climate became markedly colder. Old paintings from this era show Dutch skaters on frozen canals-something that would not occur during todays climatic regime. Cores extracted from deep-sea sediment deposits contain evidence of earlier cold periods.Detailed Study of the Text1. how the seas touch upon the essence of being human and the connectivity of the human-sphere to the ocean-sphere. (Para. 1)Meaning: how the seas approachthe nature of being human and link between the human-sphere and the ocean-sphere.touch upon: mention a subject quickly; concern; approachWell touch upon Shakespeares Hamlet this semester. 这个学期我们将讲到莎士比亚的哈姆雷特。I found his words so strange that they touched upon quarrel.我发现他的言语特别奇怪，简直像是在争吵。2. it encompasses all the phenomena that encompass the world. (Para. 7)Meaning: it includes all the phenomena that the global earth includes.encompass: v. form a circle or ring around; surround; includeThe atmosphere encompasses the earth.大气包围着地球。The general arts course at the university encompasses a wide range of subjects.大学文科包括的科目非常广泛。3. The eminent oceanographer Dr. Wally Broecker dubbed this phenomenon the “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. (Para. 9)Meaning: The famous oceanographer Dr. Wally Broecker called this phenomenon the “Ocean Conveyor Belt”.eminent: a. famous, respected or importantChurchill was one of the worlds most eminent statesmen.邱吉尔是世界上最卓越的政治家之一。dub: v. give something or someone a particular nameYouve got to think about what we might dub the interaction effects.你不得不去考虑我们所谓的“相互影响”。v. insert a new soundtrack, often a synchronized translation of the original dialogue, into (a film)I intend to use simultaneous recording to dub this film.我打算采用同期录音的方法为这部影片配音。4. Dr. Susan Lozier of Duke University weighed several distinct pieces of evidence that overturn our concepts of ocean overturning. (Para. 10)Meaning: Dr. Susan Lozier of Duke University consider several different pieces of evidence carefully that turn over our ideas of ocean overturning. weigh: v. consider something carefully, especially in order to make a decisionHe needs to weigh up the pros and cons of going to college.他需要权衡上大学的利弊。overturn: v. cause to turn over or capsizeWe saw the canoe overturn, throwing its passengers into the water.我们看到那个独木舟翻了，把几个乘客都抛到了水里。5. “Though appealing in its simplicity,” writes Lozier, “the ocean conveyor-belt paradigm has lost luster over the years, precisely because it has overdistilled the complexity of the oceans overturning.” (Para. 12)Meaning: “Though the ocean conveyor-belt model is attractive in its simplicity, it has lost attraction over the years, precisely because it has over-abstracted the complexity of the oceans overturning”, writes Lozier.6. The ebb and flow of newly collated evidence sways the theoretical tides in another direction. (Para. 14)Meaning: The ebb and flow from the newly collected evidence fluctuates the theoretical tides from a different perspective.collate: v. assemble in proper numerical or logical sequenceWe are here to collate the views of the general public and feed back to the key decision makers. 我们会整理普遍大众的观点，反馈给主要决策者。n. collation7. The ocean is the glue that holds our planet together. (Para. 16)Meaning: The ocean is like the glue that connects our planet tightly.Part IIKey to ExercisesPre-reading Questions1. Ocean means the entire body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earths surface. It refers to any of the principal divisions of the ocean, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans. The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and distance from shore strongly influence the amount and kinds of plants and animals that live there. Ocean and the atmosphere are as well closely linked.2. Human beings are directly or indirectly influenced by the ocean. Ocean waters serve as a source of food and valuable minerals, as a vast highway for commerce, and provide a place for both recreation and waste disposal.Reading Comprehension1. The passage mainly discusses that there is a deep connection between human beings and the ocean. People should act right now to deepen understanding of this connection and awareness of ocean protection.2. There are three reasons. Firstly, there really exists distance between people and ocean. Secondly, we lack basic understanding of how the ocean affects every human being on the planet. Thirdly, we just dont know how to put into words and describe the emotions of how the ocean affects us.3. It is designed for a deeper understanding of the connection between the brain and the ocean.4. No. There are not seven seas or four oceans any more than there are separate, bounded fields of study in science. (Or, they are all connected.)5. No, they have different opinions. Dr. Wally Broecker dubbed ocean circulation the Ocean Conveyor Belt which is a simplistic explanation of the net flow of heat in the ocean. Dr. Susan Lozier challenged the conveyor belt model.6. We should be aware that we are included as components in the world ocean, just as vital to the ocean as the ocean is to us. In order to protect the ocean, we should understand how to make conservation messages stick to people and ask new questions about the neurological basis for conservation. Structure AnalysisPart 1: Putting forward the issue: Recently, a research explored the relationship between the neuroscience and the ocean. (Paras 1-4)Events: Some events not only recognize the importance of oceans, but also the connectivity of the human-sphere to the ocean-sphere. (Para.1)Reasons for the disconnection between people and the ocean (Paras 2-3):Reason 1: We mostly take it for granted.Reason 2: We are lacking in basic understanding of how the ocean affects every human being on the planet and their entire lives.Reason 3: We just dont know how to put into words and describe the emotions of how the ocean affects us.Problem about the ocean research (Para. 4): Reason 3 explains that there are a lot of literature works to describe the ocean, but there is little in historical and modern researches that have tested the waters of the neurological basis of our connection to the ocean.Part 2: Details about the research of the BLUEMIND initiative (Paras. 5-14)Purpose: It is designed for a deeper understanding of the connection between the brain and the ocean. (Para. 5)Method: Nichols is trying to see the value in interdisciplinary approaches to tackling tough research problems. (Paras. 6-7)Model: A world ocean is a connected ocean. (Paras. 8-14)Former Model: “Ocean Conveyor Belt” by Dr. Wally Broecker.Dr. Loziers Model: She refuted the above one as it is too simplified through weighing several distinct pieces of evidence that overturn our concepts of ocean overturning. She found that eddies, which are circulating bodies of water up to 100 km in diameter, have been recently observed to distribute water masses off the conveyor belt.Significance of the new model: it fine tunes the connection. Limitation of the revolutionary model: it is a bit too simplistic and overstated.Part 3: The future of our world ocean (Paras. 15-18)A new frontier, a new revolution in marine science will be to understand how we all share a psychological connection with the sea. We need to ask new questions about the neurological basis for conservation.Vocabulary StudyA. 1. hypothesis2. contingent3. initiative4. overturned5. reflection6. landlocked7. circulation 8. ecosystem9. was shrouded10. encompassesB. 1. B2. A3. A4. B5. C6. C7. C8. C9. B10. CC. 1. eco-2. em-3. inter-4. Over-5. multi-6. Neuro-Cloze1. divisions2. interchangeably3. encompasses4. integral5. volume6. habitat7. estimated8. ignored9. exploration10. multidisciplinary11. initiative12. connected13. Whatever14. to15. marine16. collation17. indicates18. on19. doubt20. consciousTranslation1. 海洋是当今世界无处不在的一个部分，我们大多对此习以为常，不予重视。人与海洋之间产生这种脱节，部分原因是人类与海岸之间存在一定距离。如果我们从没努力去遥望那片蓝色地平线，咫尺之距也会让我们感觉相隔半个世界。另一部分原因在于，对于海洋如何影响人类，我们缺乏基本的了解。海洋给我们的天气带来了缓冲作用，为我们提供了充足的食物。很多现代药物也是经由几十年对海洋不懈的研究而研制成功的。这种脱节的另一原因还可能是，我们不知道用什么言语来描述海洋对我们的情感产生的影响。这后一个原因是个非常难概括的概念。虽然诗人，词曲家及艺术家已经用不同的方式来描述大海，从愤怒到恐惧，从平静到沉思，但不论在历史上乃至现代，很少有研究来分析人与海洋之间这种联系的神经基础。直到近来才开始在此领域有所探索。无论现在我们采取什么方式保护海洋，来获取它的信息，都没有太凑效-至少效果不会那么快。许多人并不真正了解海洋。尽管一生中可能有很多时间被大海吸引，他们并不知道为什么。科学家也没法解释。要让保护海洋的信息在人们心里根深蒂固，我们必须就海洋保护的神经学基础提出新的问题。我们是海洋世界的重要构成部分，海洋也是人类世界的重要组成部分。2. The ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our weather, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didnt give enough attention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science. Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, called the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversimplification of a complex process. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overwhelmed the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.Idiom Studies1. push the boat out 2missed the boat 3in the same boat4 rock the boat 5just off the boat 6doesnt really float my boat7burned my boat 8whatever floats your boatProverbs or Quotations充满希望的旅行比到达目的地更美妙。 如果每走一步都要数着，你的旅程就长了。 我曾相信，所有值得知道之事，我在剑桥都知道了。在我旅行的过程之中，这一想法逐渐消失了。这与我本意相反，但是却对我非常有益。如果你想走到高处，就要用自己的两条腿！不要让别人把你抬到高处；不要坐在别人的背上和头上。永不走回头路，这是智者的一条座右铭。卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路，他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。人可以爬到最高峰，但他不能在那儿久住。有了好的旅伴，路途就变得无比短暂。Part III参考译文世界海洋1. 每年6月8日，海洋爱好者庆祝世界海洋日。去年，在45个国家举行了300多场官方活动。这些活动让大家意识到，作为地球上最大且最复杂的生态系统，海洋是如何影响地球其余的生态系统及其居民的，海洋又是如何触及人类的本质和人类与海洋领域的联系的。2. 海洋是当今世界无处不在的一个部分，我们大多对此习以为常，不予重视。人与海洋之间产生这种脱节，部分原因是人类与海岸之间存在一定距离。如果我们从没努力去遥望那片蓝色地平线，咫尺之距也会让我们感觉相隔半个世界。3. 另一部分原因在于，对于海洋如何影响人类，我们缺乏基本的了解。海洋给我们的天气带来了缓冲作用，为我们提供了充足的食物。很多现代药物也是经由几十年对海洋不懈的研究而研制成功的。这种脱节的另一原因还可能是，我们不知道用什么言语来描述海洋对我们的情感产生的影响。4. 这后一个原因是个非常难概括的概念。虽然诗人，词曲家及艺术家已经用不同的方式来描述大海，从愤怒到恐惧，从平静到沉思，但不论在历史上乃至现代，很少有研究来分析人与海洋之间这种联系的神经基础。直到近来才开始在此领域有所探索。5. 海洋保护生物学家华莱士J尼科尔斯博士与来自艺术、市场营销和工程领域的同事共同创立BLUEMIND倡议项目，旨在桥接神经科学和保护生物学，开发一个新领域，即神经保护学，目的在于深层次了解大脑与海洋之间的联系。这种努力是令人印象深刻的，体现了真正的多学科研究。这种努力也有极大的潜力，可以帮助我们了解人们关心环境问题并采取相应行动的动机。6. “长期以来，营销人员就知道，人类大脑对于简单的信息反应最快，这些信息要以通俗易懂的故事方式经常重复。但是科学家并不喜欢营销一词。”经常看哈佛商业评论的尼科尔斯解释道。尼科尔斯是众多的海洋科学家其中一员，他们都看到运用跨学科方法来攻坚研究问题的价值所在。7. 这跟世界海洋日要传递的信息类似，也正是我要强调的。正如同科学研究各领域相互联系，没有界限，世界上也没有七海四大洋的界限划分。只有一个世界海洋，它包含了世界上所有的现象。传统上历来认为，海洋科学本质上是跨学科的冒险事业。水世界是一个三维环境，遵循着物理学以及生态学和进化论的规律，创造了巨大的生命多样性。经过200多年缜密的探索，对这个世界，我们也仅有微弱的认知。8. 世界海洋是相互连接的。图像地图清楚地标注了大洋盆地之间的不同洋流循环模式，但却掩盖了一些事实：海底深处水流速度减慢，水流移动，月圆月亏的强度和方向以及深水团缓慢的千年移动。这些水团是在北大西洋和南极洲外围形成的。这里，温暖的热带水被寒冷的极地水覆盖，在北极风的吹拂下变冷。表面的水结冰，盐分沉到下层水中。寒冷、高密度的水下沉，开始了环游世界的千年之旅。9. 著名海洋学家沃利布勒克博士称这一现象为“海洋循环带”。但是对于解释海洋热量净流量这一复杂过程，布勒克博士的说法实在过于简单化。这种模式主导海洋学近半个世纪，但这种模式可能过于简单化。特别是在过去的十年中，技术发展让海洋科学家探索海洋的决心越来越大。曾经一度被忽视的过程，如海风模式和涡流场，似乎对海洋倾覆起到了更大的作用。10. 科学杂志去年发表的一篇回顾评论中，杜克大学的苏珊洛兹博士对海洋循环带模式提出质疑。她摆出了各种证据，足以推翻我们的海洋倾覆观念。毫无疑问，虽然科学家心中明白，海洋倾覆确实存在-这是一个可直接衡量的特性-以前提出的模式是有点太简单化了。最重要的是，近来探测发现：漩涡，即直径达100公里的涡旋水体，可以重新分配循环带的水团。11. 这一发现是否会改变整个海洋是如何连接的？一点也不会，相反，它更好地协调了这种连接。深层水并非沿着海洋盆地西部边界移动，实际上受到从两极流向赤道的漩涡驱动，它是在内部移动。12. 洛兹博士写到，“深层循环带理论因其简单而引人注目，但由于过度概括海洋倾覆的复杂性，多年过去已变得黯然失色。不论在空间上还是时间上，以及在先前样品采集很稀少的地方，对海洋的观测规模都越来越大，因此，这一复杂性已经慢慢显露出来。”13. 更好的技术和样本采集方法使得海洋科学领域的这场革命顺利展开。19世纪，福布斯赞同的无生命假设认为，水深500米以下区域是不可能有生命存在的。由于打捞技术、水深测量和水收集工具的发展以及“挑战者号”大量的探测工作，这一假设只能一直封存在戴维琼斯的储物柜中。（意为不成立，无法拿出来示人）14. 这场革命模式本身就有点过于简单和夸大了。很少有论文一经发表就可以马上改变一个研究领域。所谓的模式会逐渐改变。艾萨克牛顿温和而严肃地提到，只有“站在巨人的肩膀上”，方可验证假设，收集证据，得出结论而后进行辩论。新近收集整理的潮汐涨落证据从另一个方向动摇了潮汐理论。我们甚至只能提出瞬息间形成的问题，因为历史留下的大量文献提供了一条永存的“传送带”，它会不断产生新的问题。15. 世界海洋的未来满是兴奋点，一则是以后存在的可能性，二则是我们已经很大程度影响了这一重要的系统，对此我们心存恐惧。我们跟海洋如何联系在一起，已不是什么秘密。海水和我们体液的构成方式是类似的。距离海岸线最远的人仍然保持自己内心的海洋，想躲避它是不可能的。我们被海景所吸引，花血汗钱去值得待上几星期的沙滩度度假，冲冲浪，并竭尽全力把海鲜带到最内陆的城市。也许海洋科学的一个新领域，一场新革命将是了解我们与海洋是如何在心理上连接在一起的。16. 海洋是我们这个星球的黏合剂。地球上近四分之三都是咸水，海水绵延在大陆周围，围绕着岛屿。水永远不会离开我们。它围绕地球移动，蒸发到空气中又随雨水落回大地，流入河流，但最终总是回归海洋。我们就像水，不管如何流动，总是最终停留在海洋附近。了解如尼科尔斯博士所说的“心与海的连接”实际上可以挽救我们自己的生命。17. 无论现在我们采取什么方式保护海洋，来获取它的信息，都没有太凑效-至少效果不会那么快。许多人并不真正了解海洋。尽管一生中可能有很多时间被大海吸引，他们并不知道为什么。科学家也没法解释。要让保护海洋的信息在人们心里根深蒂固，我们必须就海洋保护的神经学基础提出新的问题。我们是海洋世界的重要构成部分，海洋也是人类世界的重要组成部分。18. 尼科尔斯建议，“是时候来摒弃那些所谓情感和科学应该分离的旧观念。情感就是一门科学.还未被揭开谜底的海洋中最大的那些秘密，不是埋藏在蔚蓝色的海底，而是埋藏在人类的心灵深处，这是很可能的，甚至也许是确定无疑的。”Text BPart IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. United States Naval ObservatoryThe United States Naval Observatory (USNO) is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, with a primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of Defense. Located in Northwest Washington, D.C., it is one of the pre-1900 astronomical observatories located in an urban area; at the time of its construction, it was far from the light pollution thrown off by the (then-smaller) city center. Today, the observatorys primary observational work is done at the U.S. Navys higher elevation United States Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station (NOFS) near Flagstaff, Arizona. USNO also has an Alternate Master Clock site in Colorado Springs, CO which, with the Master Clock, provides precise time to the GPS satellite constellation run by the U.S. Air Force; and it performs radio VLBI-based positions of quasars with numerous global collaborators, in order to produce Earth Orientation parameters. Aside from its scientific mission, since 1974, the Observatory is the official residence of the Vice President of the United States.2. The Royal Society of LondonThe Royal