如何准备和做好口头演讲（PPT59页).ppt

如何准备和做好口头演讲？HowtoPrepareandDeliveranOralPresentation,目的,掌握演讲片制作要求掌握口头演讲要求,演讲片制作要求,1-字体大小从18到32Uselettersizesfrom18to32points.,16很多情况下16号字体太小了16istoosmallformostsituations.18UseSansSeriffonts.20UseBoldfonts.24AVOIDALLCAPITALLETTERS.28Usecolorsthatgivehighcontrast.DarklettersonlightbackgroundalwaysworkLightlettersondarkworkindarkrooms32Changecolors,useitalics,orunderlinesparinglyforemphasis.36Fontisusuallyunnecessary36号字体通常也是没有必要,2-为方便提高浏览速度，使用sanserif字体Usesanseriffontsbecausetheycanbereadmorequickly.,Arial:Uselettersizesfrom18to32points.Tahoma:UseSansSeriffonts.ArialNarrow:UseBoldfonts.Verdana:AVOIDCAPITALLETTERS.AvoidseriffontsGaramond:Usecolorsthatgivehighcontrast.TimesNewRoman:Changecolors,useitalics,orunderlinesparinglyforemphasis.,中文好的与不好的字体Chinesefontswithexcellentandpoorlegibility,好：华文细黑，微软雅黑可以：黑体，宋体，仿宋，隶书，楷体不要使用：华文彩云,行楷,方正舒体,华文琥珀,3-字体加粗以方便听众快速阅读UseBoldfontsthatallowrapidreading,UseBoldfonts.UseBoldfonts.UseBoldfonts.UseBoldfonts.,4-全是大写字母难以快速阅读ALLCAPITALLETTERSHINDERSRAPIDREADING,USELETTERSIZESFROM18TO32POINTS.USESANSSERIFFONTS.USEBOLDFONTS.AVOIDALLCAPITALLETTERS.USECOLORSTHATGIVEHIGHCONTRAST.PRC,TEPHINET则可以PRC,TEPHINETareacceptable,5-采用色差大的颜色Usecolorsthatgivehighcontrast.,浅色背景使用深色字母和线条总是很好Darklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwayswork避免使用纯白色背景-晃眼Avoidpurewhitebackground-glare深色背景的浅色字母和线条适合于较暗的房间Lightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms,Usecolorsthatgivehighcontrast.,DarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworkDarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundworkwellwithoutboldingAvoidpurewhitebackground-glareLightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms,Usecolorsthatgivehighcontrast.,DarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworkDarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundworkwellwithoutboldingAvoidpurewhitebackground-glareLightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms,Avoidpurewhitebackground-glare,DarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworkDarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundworkwellwithoutboldingAvoidpurewhitebackground-glareLightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms,深色背景的浅色字母和线条适合于较暗的房间Lightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkbestindarkrooms,DarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworkAvoidpurewhitebackground-glareLightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms但字体必须加粗Butfontsusuallyneedtobebold,6-除非特别情况，避免使用多种颜色Avoidmultiplecolorsunlessthereisaveryspecificreason.,Uselargeletters(20)AvoidallCAPITALlettersAvoidunusualfontsUsecolorsthatgivehighcontrastDarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworksLightlettersandlinesondarkworksindarkroomsDonotusemultiplecolors,decoration,7-无目的使用背景特效只能导致难以理解Backgroundeffectshavenopurposeandonlymakeunderstandingdifficult.,AvoidbackgroundeffectsUsecolorsthatgivehighcontrastDarklettersandlinesonlightbackgroundalwaysworkAvoidpurewhitebackground-glareLightlettersandlinesondarkbackgroundworkindarkrooms,8-怎样确定每张幻灯片的标题Howshouldyoutitleyourslides?,使用有意义的标题（最好）Useaninformativeheadline(best).使用正式、明确并包括数据的题目Useaformaltitlethatorientsandincludesdata不要使用“背景”、“方法”、“结果”、“讨论”等等Donotuse:“Background”,“Methods”,“Results”,“Discussion”,etc.,避免三维效果，多余的线条和边框Avoid3dimensions,extralinesandframes,x,x,x,x,x,去除没有实际意义的绘图成分Eliminatenon-functionalgraphicalelements.,前页的图可以如此简化以突出主要模式Thepreviousgraphcanbesimplifiedtoemphasizetheprincipalpattern.,East,West,North,避免红线条或字体Avoidredlinesorlettering.,如果确实想用红色，请使用(R=255/G=82/B=0）而不是纯红色,红色线条或字体在深背景下读起来非常困难Redlinesorletteringareverydifficultonadarkbackground.,Weightcategoryof281630StudentsLosAngelesCounty,2001,饼图显示数据能力差Piechartsarepoorforshowingdata.,Weightcategoryof281630StudentsLosAngelesCounty,2001,表格能够更加迅速准确的体现饼图所要表达的数据Thetableshowsthedatamorequicklyandaccuratelythanthepiechart.,Underweight2.8%,Weightcategoryof281630students,LosAngelesCounty,2001,简单的条图总是要好于饼图Asimplebarchartisalwaysbetterthanapiechart.,40的学生超重或者有超重的危险40%ofstudentswereeitheroverweightoratriskofoverweight.,16-单个图片占满屏幕并配以标签说明Letsinglepicturesfillthescreenandoverlaythemwithlabels.,Ziasymbol,Ziasymbol,“NewMexico”,“NewMexico”,17-使用激光笔时不要抖动外周血涂片PeripheralBloodSmear,直接在图上重点位置使用箭头更好外周血涂片PeripheralBloodSmear,18-其他注意事项,使用表格、图、地图、画片和示意图Usetables,charts,graphs,maps,pictures,anddiagrams.减少文字式幻灯片Minimizewordslides.使用关键字代替词Usekeywordsinsteadofphrases.一行表达一个意思Limitto1lineperidea.表格中体现最关键的数据Limitthedataontablestotheessential.如果需要完整的数据可以分发给听众Providecompletedataashandoutifneeded.拆分复杂表格Break-upcomplextables,如何处理源自书面报告的复杂表格？Howyouhandlethisoriginaltable?,最好将其分为几个简单的表格Separateintoacouplesimpletables,每一个表格反映一个主要方面onetablepresentonemainidea,数字和文字都一目了然DataandTextobvious,Mantel-HaentzelweightedrelativeriskForschoolmeals=0.48;95%CI0.28-0.84,前一张幻灯中的表格还可以重新排列以强调率的对比,Mantel-HaentzelweightedrelativeriskForschoolmeals=0.48;95%CI0.28-0.84,口头演讲,典型科学报告应遵循IMRAD结构AtypicalscientificpresentationfollowstheIMRADstructure,永远不要超时Nevertalklongerthanthetimeallowed!,演讲题目TitleSlide(10-15sec),题目应包括Titleshouldinclude主题Subject地点Location时间范围Timeperiod你的姓名Yourname你的机构Youraffiliation适当的机构标志Appropriatelogos要说“早上/下午/晚上好Say“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,AFood-borneGastroenteritisOutbreakofAeromonashydrophilainaCollege,Guizhou,China,2012,ZhangQianChineseFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgram(CFETP)ChinaCDC,背景Background(1-2min),通常几张片子即可Usuallyafewslides将听众引入Engageaudience暴发调查的场景Setstageforoutbreakinvestigation提供专题研究的合理性Providerationaleforplannedstudy关于疾病的关键信息Essentialinformation(only)aboutdisease公共健康的意义Establishrelevancetopublichealth单独一张片子阐述调查/研究目的Includeaslidedescribingstudyobjectives,方法Methods(1-2min),通常几张片子即可Usuallyafewslides描述研究设计Describestudydesign(s)病例定义和搜索Defineacaseanddescribecasefinding如果做了病例对照研究，说明对照如何选择TellhowcontrolswereselectedifCCstudy如果做了定列研究，队列应明确定义Definecohortifcohortstudy做了什么实验检测Saywhatlaboratorytestswereused描述环境调查方法Describeanyenvironmentalinvestigationmethods,结果Results(3-4min),通常有一些片子Usuallyseveralslides强调最重要的发现Emphasizemostimportantfindings描述研究对象特点Describecharacteristicsofstudyparticipants包括描述和分析性流行病学研究结果Includedescriptiveepidemiologicresultsandanalyticresults根据资料，合理使用文字、表、图和照片Usemixtureoftext,tables,figures,photosasappropriatetoyourdata,讨论和结论Discussion/Conclusion(2-3min),局限性（只包括重要的）Limitationsslide(onlytheimportantones)解释调查研究发现Interpretationoffindings不要重复结果Dontrepeatresults将发现按重要性依次列出Prioritizefindingsfrommosttoleastimportant将发现与调查研究目的联系起来Linkfindingstostudyobjectives将发现与之前研究联系起来Putfindingsintocontextwithpreviousstudies结论基于你的发现Conclusionsslide(s)basedonyourfindings建议：Recommendationsslide(s)控制措施Controlmeasures未来的研究方向Directionsforfuturestudies,致谢Acknowledgments(10-15sec),列出共同作者和贡献者Recognizecoauthorsandcontributors要对实际贡献者给予足够的尊重，不要仅仅为了所谓礼貌而列入哪些没有实际贡献的领导、老师等按机构列出Organizebyagency与标题页的机构标识一样Samelogosasontitleslide停留较长一些时间Morescreentimeatendofpresentation必要时，声明本调查研究仅为作者观点，而非任何机构观点最后一句话应是“谢谢”Yourlastwords=“ThankYou”,变通Variation,对复杂或可明显分为多个部分的调查研究，可针对每个部分分别呈现方法和结果Foracomplexormulti-partstudy,youcanpresentmethodsandresultsforeachpartbeforemovingtothenext临床/流行病学Clinical/epidemiology实验Laboratory环境调查Environmentalinvestigation,怎样使你的发言限制在10分钟？Howcontrolyourtalkwithin10minutes?,只按摘要内容Onlycontentinabstract说明一个主要议题Onemainidea使用直接支持结论的数据Usedatadirectlysupportconclusion去除不必要的材料或细节Excludingunnecessarydataordetail避免繁复的解释说明Avoidcomplexexplanation包括题目页在内，使用10-15张幻灯10-15slidesincludingtitle在提问部分你有机会就一些细节做解释Youhavechancetoexplainsomedetailduringquestionandanswersection,压缩和完善ReduceandPolish,去掉无关的想法和文字Eliminateextraneousideasandtext压缩内容，只要关键Reducecontenttoessential整合和去除视觉辅助工具Integrateandeliminatevisualaids审核，编辑和重写Review,Edit,andRewrite和同事一起练习Practicewithcolleagues改善表达Toimprovedelivery调整时间Toadjusttime准备问题Toprepareforquestions,口头演讲的四种方法Fourapproachestodeliveranoralpresentation,读稿子Readfromascript死记硬背Memorize即席演讲Improvise按要点和题纲Follownotesandanoutline,读讲稿有几方面好处Readingfromascripthasseveraladvantages,语言不是很流利的情况下，读比较容易Veryeasyfornon-fluentspeakers可事先斟酌词句Wellselectedwords很有条理（如果讲稿有条理的话）Wellorganized(ifthescriptis)讲稿或发表的文章可分发给听众Maybehandedoutorpublished,但有重要不足But,ithassomeimportantdisadvantages,显得不自然，视觉接触少Lacksspontaneityandvisualcontact显示演讲者对材料不熟和缺乏自信Suggestslackofcommandandconfidence不能根据听众不同而变化Cannotadapttotheaudience一些做作的表情会适得其反Attemptstoshowexpressioncanbackfire,记住要讲的话有很多好处Thereareseveraladvantagestomemorizingyourwords,报告非常有条理Yourpresentationiswellorganized词句都是精心选择的Yourwordsarecarefullychosen不必照本宣科Itfreesyoufromreading可以有更多地表情Allowsmoreexpressiveness,记住报告方式有什么缺点？Whatarethedisadvantagesofmemorizingyourpresentation?,准备时间长Excessivepreparationtime不能根据听众不同而变化Cannotadapttotheaudience不自然枯燥无味Lacksspontaneityboring有忘词风险Riskofforgetting,即席演讲与读相比的好处Theadvantagesoftheimpromptupresentationcontrastwithreading,自然Spontaneous可自如表达Allowsexpressiveness准备需要的时间少Littletimeneededforpreparation可根据听众变化做调整Easytoadapttoaudience,但缺陷也要重要不足But,ithasmajordisadvantages,很难按时完成Difficulttofinishontime无法斟酌每个词Wordsnotpreciselychosen容易忘掉重点以及涵盖一些非要点Tendtoforgetimportantpointsandincludeunimportantpoints可能显得杂乱无章Canbecomedisorganized,最好的方式是使用要点或题纲形式的笔记Thebestapproachistousekeypointsornoteswithanoutline,显示对题目的熟练掌握Indicatescommandofthetopic自然目光交流表情Spontaneityeyecontactexpression有组织Organized合理控制速度，便于听众理解Naturalpace-helpsaudienceunderstand可以根据听众不同调整Mayadapttoaudience,使用要点和题纲做报告也有缺陷Followinganoutlineandnoteshasfew