2011年英语考研模拟题五与精析

页眉 Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points ) Some call it the Smart Shooter, a new rifle for American infantry troops that is two weapons in one, is accurate up to 1,000 yards and in 1 fires 2 corners. Its message to enemies is that they can run but they cant hide. Still in the development phase, the rifle for 2006 has just been 3 off with great 4 by the Pentagon to members of Congress who will be asked to 5 the money. The makers, Alliant Techsystems, say that the weapon will revolutionize 6 combat much as the machine gun. Pentagon jargon has given the new gun a(an) 7 title: the Objective Individual Combat Weapon. 8 one trigger, the rifle can fire a standard 5-56mm Nato bullet and a 20mm high explosive shell that will burst in the air. It can 9 shrapnel behind, 10 or even from the side of enemy troops who have taken 11 behind a building. The shell can be 12 to explode after a short delay. The weapons 1,000 yard accuracy is twice 13 of other rifles, made possible by a laser system built into the sight. This rangefinder fixes the target, measures the distance and passes it along to a computer chip in the shell. The gunsight has an infrared lens for night 14. It can also have video camera with a zoom lens that is linked to a video display attached to the soldiers helmet, allowing him to aim 15 without exposing himself to enemy return fire. But there are snags still be 16 out. Two men were 17 when a shell burst in a barrel during firing tests. The rifle weighs more than 181b. There are questions whether its electronic innards will be rugged enough for rain, snow and difficult 18. Michael Klare, a professor of peace and world security issues and a board member of the Arms Control Association, says that the Pentagon is seeking this combination of firepower and automation to compensate for the uncertain aim of GIs. He said: Soldiers wont have to worry about careful steady aim. Theyll just look 19 the viewfinder and 20 the trigger. 1A reality B affect C effect D operation 2AatBinCbeyondDaround 3AputBshownCcheckedDgiven 4AprideBanxietyChonorDexpectation 5Aput upBcount inCpay forDlook for来源： 6ALandBbrilliantCpowerfulDawkward 8AUsedBFixedCUsingDFixing 9AsprayBspatterCsplashDsprinkle 10AoverBonCaboveDupon 11AaimBcoverCrisksDheed 12AestimatedBcalculatedCseededDtimed 13AasBthatCthanDmuch 14AvisionBsightCobservationDspeculation 15AexactlyBpreciselyCaccuratelyDcorrectly 16AremovedBironedCmadeDdrawn 17AinjuredBhurtCharmedDwounded 18AterrainBdomainCfieldDterritory 19AatBoverCintoDthrough 20ApushBpullCpressDjerk Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points) Text 1 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate drive, but nowadays the well men neared motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a Be kind to Other Drivers campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes along way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. 21According to the first paragraph, which of the following reflects the situation on the roads? ATraffic Jams are mainly caused by the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life. BThe manners of the drivers are the only reason for the traffic jams. CBe kind to other drivers is a campaign to change the rude drive. DPeople can not tolerate good manners on the road. 22The author argues that road politeness . Acan better the traffic unconditionally Bcalls for a drivers cool-headed and good-tempered personality Ccan be found after the modern traffic conditions stand up Dare acknowledged by most drivers 23Which of the following does NOT illustrate misplaced politeness? AEncouraging old ladies to cross the road at any time they want. BBraking suddenly to allow a car to emerge from a side street. CA motorist driving into traffic streams without considering others. DWaving a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles. 24According to the experts, facing the car-ownership explosion, we should . Abe more considerate yield to each other Bcommunicate with each other more often Chave a cool head and good temper来源： Davoid misplaced politeness 25The authors attitude towards road politeness seems to be . AsuspiciousBindifferentCironicalDobjective Text 2 In the warm enclosed waters of farm ponds, conditions are very likely to be lethal for fish when insecticides are applied in the vicinity. As many examples show, the poison is carried in by rains and runoff from surrounding lands. Sometimes the ponds receive not only contaminated runoff but also a direct dose as rop dusting pilots neglect to shut off the duster in passing over a pond. Even without such complications, normal agricultural use subjects fish to far heavier concentrations of chemicals than would be require to kill them. In other words a marked reduction in the enclosure nets used would hardly change the lethal situation, for applications of over 0.1 pound per acre to the pond itself are generally considered hazardous. And the poison, once introduced is hard to get rid of. One pond that has been treated with DDT (杀虫剂) to remove unwanted shiners remained poisonous through repeated drainings and flushings that it killed 94 percent of the sun fish with which it was later stocked. Apparently the chemical remained in the mud of the pond bottom. Conditions are evidently no better now than when the modern insecticides first came into use. The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department stated in 1961 that reports of fish losses in farm ponds and small lakes had been coming in at the rate of at least one a week, and that such reports were increasing. The conditions usually responsible for these losses in Oklahoma were those made familiar by repetition over the years: the application of insecticides to crops, heavy rain, and poison washed into the ponds. In some parts of the world the cultivation of fish in ponds provides an in dispensable source of food. In such places the use of insecticides without regard for the effects of fish creates immediate problems. In Rhodesia, for example, the young of an important African food fish are killed by exposure to only 0.04 parts per million of DDT in shallow pools. Even smaller doses of many other insecticides would be lethal. The shallow waters in which these fish live are favorable mosquito-breeding places. The problem of controlling mosquitoes and at the same time conserving a fish important in the Central African diet has obviously not been solved satisfactorily. 26.The authors tone in this passage can be best described as . AreportorialBsarcastic CcondemnatoryDmournful 27.According to the passage, the one factor that is not responsible for the presence of insecticides in ponds is . Athe weather bringing in rains Bhuman error in crop-dusting Ccommon farming methods Dindustrialization use of chemicals 28.The author uses the case of the Rhodesian fish in order to . Ashow the harmful effects of killing fish Bprove that problems are the same everywhere Cshow that fish is an indispensable source in diet Dconsider the problem of controlling mosquitoes 29. In this passage, what the author does not do is . Astate a problemBgive examples Cpropose a solutionDrelate causes 30.The last sentence of this passage means that . Ayou can not control mosquitoes if you want to conserve an important fish Byou can not conserve an important fish if you want to control mosquitoes Cthe Central Africans will have no fish to eat if this fish cant be protected properly Dit is not so easy and satisfactory to solve these two problems at the same time Text 3 The term joint international business venture, joint venture for short, has come to mean many things to many people. It sometimes is taken to mean any joint relationship between one or more foreign firms and one or more local firms. Such a broad definition is excluded here. Joint venture will be taken to mean joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based. Joint ventures can take many forms. A foreign firm may take a majority share, a minority share, or an equal share in ownership. While it is not necessary to have financial control or to have operating control, some firms refuse to use the joint venture form if it is not possible to have a majority position in ownership. There are firms that have few qualms about holding minority position, however, so long as they can have operating control. They achieve this through technical-aid, management, or supply contracts. It should be recognized that maintaining operating control is sometimes difficult if one does not have financial control too. Objectives of the participants may diverge; when they do,financial control becomes important. Management may wish to reinvest earnings while the majority of the board may wish earnings distributed as dividends. Unless policy issues of this kind can be settled amicably, lack of financial control can prove to be very unsatisfactory, if not fatal. Many joint ventures emerge as matters of necessity: that is, no single firm is willing to assume the risks entailed, while a consortium of firms is. Large, capital-intensive, long-lived investments are natural candidates for the joint venture. Exploitation of resource deposits often is done by a consortium of several petroleum or mining firms. Roles are parceled out even though each phase of the operation is owned jointly. One firm does the actual mining, another provides transportation, and still another does the refining and extraction. There is a wide variety of combinations. Also the joint venture can pose problems, especially if it is an enforced marriage of partners. For many ventures in small countries, it is difficult to find a suitable local partner, that is, one with sufficient capital and know how to be able to contribute to the partnership. In some developing countries, a small handful of families control the entire locally-owned part of the industrial structure. Under these circumstances, a joint venture merely insulates them further from independent, foreign-owned plants that would compete against them. For this and other reasons, the only suitable partner may end up being the government itself. Most multinational firms, however, shy away from such arrangements where possible. 31The phrase joint venture mentioned in the first paragraph refers to . A.any joint relationship between one foreign firm and one local firm B.any joint relationship between foreign firms C.joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based D.all of the above 32 The word qualms in the second paragraph may have the equal meaning with . A.abilitiesB.worriesC.possibilitiesD.limits来源： 33 According to the author, which of the following is most important? A.Majority position.B.Operating control. C.Financial control.D.Support of the government. 34 Which of the following is not the advantages of the joint venture? A.It can assume more risks. B.It may gather more capital. C.Large and long-lived investment can be carried out. D.The partners will make concerted efforts towards one target. 35 Which of the following is true according to the text? A. A foreign firm often takes a majority share in a joint venture. B.Lack of financial control may be fatal to a firm participating in joint venture. C.Joint venture is very helpful to developing countries. D.Government is the best partner in a joint venture. Text 4 In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the suns rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather experts prediction, the atmosphere will be 3C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earths chief food-growing zones. In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth. However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather? One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and cold spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun.As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or colder faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earths atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward. Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earths climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the suns diminishing heat. 36.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would . A.prevent the suns rays from reaching the earths surface B.mean a warming up in the Antarctic C.account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere D.raise the temperature of the earths surface 37.The article was written to explain . A.the greenhouse effect B.the solar effects on the earth C.the models of solar-weather interactions来源： D.the causes affecting weather 38.Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is . A.mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising B.possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting C.exclusively due to the effect of the iner