独立主格---用作状语

一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格用作伴随状语独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作伴随状语的例子：She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果上帝允许，将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年，他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格用作时间状语独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作时间状语的例子：This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting. 我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上()。独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格用作条件状语独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作条件状语的例子：Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。Weather permitting, well have the match tomorrow. 天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. 其他方面若都相同，我将买那件黑的衣服，不买那件白的()Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格用作原因状语独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作原因状语的例子：All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。由“名词(代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格在英语中，独立主格可以由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+介词短语”的用法。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。由“名词(代词)+名词”构成的独立主格大家知道，英语中的独立主格可以由“名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+名词”的用法。His first shot failure，he fired again. 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。His book now a bestseller, he felt pleased with the world. 他的书成了畅销书，他对一切都满意了。由“名词(代词)+副词”构成的独立主格英语中的独立主格可以由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+副词”的用法。在“名词或代词+副词”这类独立主格结构中，其中的副词主要是over, on, off, up, down等这类小品词，一般不用-ly这类方式副词。如：The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。由“名词(代词)+形容词”构成的独立主格大家知道，英语中的独立主格可以由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+形容词”的用法。He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。She stood erect, her body stiff with fury. 她站得笔直，身子气得发僵。He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports. 现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了。The firm, itself immense, did not disdain the petty retail dealing. 这家公司尽管规模很大，但并不轻视这笔小零售生意。The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。由“名词(代词)+不定式”构成的独立主格英语的独立主格由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+不定式”的用法。在“名词/代词+动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。如：We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一()。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。由“名词(代词)+过去分词”构成的独立主格独立主格由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+过去分词”的用法。Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后回返回家乡，性格大变了。They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 这问题解决后，他们就回到各自的岗位上去了。All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 各方面考虑起来，我想我们应当把工作交给乔治。Charles came in, his eyes swollen. 查尔斯走了进来，眼睛肿着。This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前()。Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。It rained and rained, vehicles bogged clown and bridges washed out. 雨不断地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲走。由“名词(代词)+现在分词”构成的独立主格独立主格由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+现在分词”的用法。The children playing in the room, I couldnt get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。Mothing being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好呆在家里照顾她。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。独立主格结构介词使用的问题在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如：A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如：We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。1. 名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。2. 名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。3. 名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。【现学现用】1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. consideredB. consideringC. to considerD. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to riseB. roseC. having risenD. being risen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. giveC. being givenD. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _. A. permetsB. permittingC. to permitD. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. beingB. to beC. beenD. to have been7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to beB. beingC. beenD. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to crossB. crossedC. crossingD. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.A. having beenB. beenC. to beD. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. beingB. to beC. beenD. having been 【参考答案】15 CACDB 610 AABAAwith，without 引导的独立主格结构with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开