英语专四写作.ppt

TEM-4Writing,a)作文要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲)写一篇200词的短文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。b)便条要求根据提示写大约5060词的便条、通知、请帖等。要求做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。,作文评分标准,满分15，分项可以打0.5分。1.思想与表达2.语言运用能力3.写作规范,1.思想与表达（IdeasandArguments）：,满分为7分，其中1-2分较差，3分一般，4-5分良好，6-7分优秀。思想内容：（idealifestyle;fashion;travelingTeenagersproblems:Generationgap;smoking;ideal;occupationandcareer;conceptionsetc.,Rangesoftopics,作文命题所涉及的内容,Rangesoftopics,Socialissues:employments;environment;energy;media;traffic;marriage;fakecommodities,crime;etc.Schoollife:Methodofstudying;classroomactivities;sports;personalrelationship;lectures;militanttraining,etc.Newtechnologies:Commuter;cloning;spacescience;traffictools;searesources;,TEM一4作文的体裁以议论文为主，由四个部分组成：标题(title)，介绍(introduction)，主体(body)结尾(conclusion),一般来说，TEM-4的命题作文的模式是“三段式”作文，即introduction（提出观点）-body（展开论述）-conclusion（总结结论）。,命题作文应试理念1篇作文-200个词-15-20个句子,Introduction（3-4sentences）sentence1.从面到点入题(fromgeneraltospecific)sentence2.罗列不同态度(listingdifferentattitudes)sentence3.阐明自己观点(statingclearlyonesownview)sentence4.说清论证角度（可有可无）,II.Bodyparagraphs（10-15sentences）topicsentence1.从第一个角度论证自己的观点sentence1.sentence2.sentence3.（以上几个句子阐述第一个角度）,II.Bodyparagraphs（6-8sentences）topicsentence2.从第二个角度论证自己的观点sentence1.sentence2.sentence3.（以上几个句子阐述第二个角度）,II.Bodyparagraphs（10-15sentences）topicsentence3.从第三个角度论证自己的观点sentence1.sentence2.sentence3.（以上几个句子阐述第三个角度）,III.Summary（2-3sentences）sentence1.首尾照应sentence2.重申观点sentence3.必要补充,(一)介绍(introduction),其中第一句的作用是用来说明整段文章的总义和介绍文章的主题，之后的一至两句则是用来表达考生的个人意见(论点)，最后一句通常用来带领进入主体部分。文章好的开头会引人如胜，激发阅卷老师的阅读兴趣。一般说来，这一段落不宜太长，要写得简明扼要，主要可以采用以下三种方法：引用法、现象法和对立法。,(二)主体(body),主体部分段首通常有一个主题句(topicsentence)，用来表示该段的中心思想。下面是几个常用主题句句型：1Itisbelievedthathasthefollowingadvantages2isimportantinseveralways3Isidewiththisviewfortworeasons4benefitsusinmanyways接下来的文章应包含二到三个要点，用以支持主题句。考生可以通过例证、引证、对比、因果论证及反证等方法逐步论述各个要点。阅卷老师在看文章时也许会通过某些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构严谨，条理清晰，因此要在每一个要点前加入表示顺序的词汇，如：,(二)主体(body),1）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally2）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly3）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally4）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally5）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast6）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally7）ononehand,ontheotherhand8）foronething,foranotherthing,(三)结尾(conclusion),结尾部分的开始通常会用一个特别结论句式，如：ingeneral，tosumup，toconclude，allinall等等。在200词的文章中，这一部分不宜篇幅过长，最好用一两句话来总结全文，使其前后呼应。除非只是一个次要观点，否则不要在这段内提出任何新见解，但如果题目要求的话，考生也可以在结论上提出相应的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法。,一些问题,1、审题不清楚；2、结构不完整，比如，开头缺少铺垫，结尾缺少总结段；3、比例失调，最常见的是，第一段不够概括，篇幅过长；第二段过于简略；第三段继续阐述某些观点，或者开始新话题；4、主题句没有对段落进行明确的、适当的限定，结果段落内容不能紧扣主题；5、第一段没有明确提出中心思想，赞成什么、反对什么，或对某个问题有什么看法，导致观点不鲜明，中心思想不突出。,5种题型及模式框架,自由发挥型立场选择型给定明确观点型问题解决型比较对比型,自由发挥型,先提出一个话题，然后提供一些流行的观点，要求考生通过给定的材料做出自己的分析，提出自己的论点，然后进行阐述和论证。这种题目对论点不做限制，作者可以自由发挥，只要能证明自己，围绕话题即可。请看历年相关的考题：2005年：MyIdeaofaUniversityArtFestival(针对学生会举办的大学艺术节的组织活动和内容提出自己的想法和建议)1993年：MyIdeaofBecomingaTeacherintheFuture(我对自己将来当一名老师的想法)1992年：MyViewonReadingExtensively（就泛读发表自己的意见）,MyViewonReadingExtensively,Readingisimportantforus.ForEnglishmajors,extensivereadingisaveryimportantwaytoimprovetheirEnglish.Actually,wegetmostofourknowledgefromextensivereading.,Extensivereadingbenefitsusinmanyways.First,byreadingextensively,wecangetknowledgeaboutvariousareassuchasculture,education,history,scienceandliterature.Forexample,newspapersandmagazinescankeepusinformedofcurrentevents.Soitiseasyforustoknowwhatisgoingonintheworldtoday.Secondly,extensivereadinghelpsusimproveourreadingcomprehensioneffectively.Themoreweread,thebetterweunderstand,andthefasterourreadingspeedwillbe.Whatismore,extensivereadingisthebestwaytoenlargeourvocabulary.Duetofrequentcontactwithunfamiliarwords,wefinditeasytoguessthemeaningofthemevenwithoutreferringtothedictionary.Wecanoftenfindcontextcluesfornewwords.Byandby,wecanlearnalotofusefulwords.Besides,itwillwidenouroutlookonlife.Obviously,wecanbenefitalotfromreadingwidely.So,itisadvisabletodevelopahabitofreadingextensively.,这是一篇自由发挥阐述的命题式作文，不限定论点。要求作者就泛读发表自己的看法。作者可以根据给定的话题，提出论点，然后再展开论述。范文从自己作为一个英语专业学生的角度，提出泛读对我们很重要，它能给我们带来一些好处。文章提出了四点支持观点的理由，即小分论点。首先，提出泛读可以帮助我们获取知识，作者用例证进行解释；其次，提高阅读能力；第三，泛读可以扩大词汇量；最后，泛读可以帮助我们开阔视野。结尾明了，重申论点，并建议养成阅读的好习惯。,Introduction1.-(引出话题)isveryimportantinourlife.Inmyopinion,-(提出论点).,likeordislikecancelorreserveHowtoimprove?,CCTVSpringFestivalGala,like,custom/habit/tradition,largeaudiencevisual/culturalfeast,interestingprograms,bringhappinessshowourtraditionalculturetotherestoftheworldpatriotismoverseasChinesecanfeelathome,dislike,lackofcreativityandfreshness,boring/notattractivecostalotofmoneyandtimewasteplantedadvertisement/commercialized广告植入lip-synch假唱,TheSpringFestivalGalaonCCTVhaslongbeenatraditionforChinesepeopletocelebratetheNewYear.Itwasverypopularatthebeginning,butnow,somepeoplesuggestthatitshouldbecancelledbecausemanyprogramsareoutdatedandboring.Inmyopinion,theGalashouldcontinuetobeheldeveryyear.Firstly,itstillhasalargeaudiencewhoprefertospendtheirnewyearsevewatchingit.Ithasbecomeacustomforthem.Secondly,asitisbroadcastthroughouttheworld,itcanbeagoodchancetoshowourtraditionalculturetotherestoftheworld.Thirdly,itisanimportantprogramforChinesepeoplelivinginothernations.Bywatchingtheprogram,theycanfeelathome.Inaword,theSpringFestivalGalaisquitemeaningful.Itshouldntbestopped,butbeheldonyearbyyear.,IthasbeenahottopicforalongtimewhethertheCCTVSpringFestivalGalashouldbecancelledornot.ManypeopleadvocatethatCCTVSpringFestivalGalaoffersawonderfulopportunitytocelebratethistraditionalfestival,fortheChineseallovertheworldcansharethesamehappinessandexcitementbroughtbytheTVprogram.Inaddition,manyperformancesareveryimpressive,andsomecanevenpositivelyaffectourlifevalue.However,everycoinhastwosides.SomepeopleholdthatCCTVSpringFestivalGalashouldbecancelled.Oneofthemostsignificantreasonsmaybethatthisformofcelebrationforcepeopletospendtheevemorepassively.Whatsmore,agreatproportionoftheprogramsarenotattractiveenough.Astome,myfavorgoestotheformeropinion,becausespringCCTVSpringFestivalGalagivesusanotheroptiontocelebratethisimportantmoment.Butitisreallyessentialtoimprovethequalityoftheprograms.AndIhopesomebetterformsofcelebrationwillbecreatedinthenearfuture.,PeoplethroughoutourcountrypaymuchattentiontotheCCTVSpringFestivalGalaannually.ThendoestheCCTVSpringFestivalGalareallybenefitourChineseculture?Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.Personally,IthinkitisagoodwaytospreadChineseculture.,Firstly,bywatchingtheCCTVSpringFestivalGala,wecanlearnalotaboutourtraditionalculture,whichhasplayedanimportantroleinshapingpeoplescharacters.Secondly,sincemoreandmoreforeignersarelearningChinese,thegalaoffersagoodplatformtothemtoknowmoreaboutChina.So,unquestionably,thegalaisagoodwaytomakeChinesecultureknown.Whatsmore,afterenjoyingtheGala,wefindthatmanyprogramsareaperfectcombinationoftheessenceofthetraditionalcultureandthelatestmoderntechnology,whichgreatlypresentstheuniqueChineseculture.Inaddition,thegalakeepsusinformedofsththatwedontknow,inwhichcasewemaybewarnedtoattachmuchimportancetoitincaseitdiesout.,Inconclusion,withmoreandmorepeoplestimulatedbythegalatolearnmoreaboutChineseculture,theCCTVSpringFestivalGalawillsurelypromotethespreadofChineseculture.,5种题型及模式框架,自由发挥型立场选择型给定明确观点型问题解决型比较对比型,立场选择型,这类题目可称为“For-Against”，在提出话题后，通常从相对的角度提出两种观点和立场，要求考生从中选出一个作为自己的立场，即二选一，然后论证其正确性。请看历年相关考题：2004WillPhonesKillLetterWriting让考生对电话是否完全取代书信来往发表看法1999AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision要求考生在电视广告的好处和坏处中选择一者，把问题说明1997MorePressurefromAcademicStudiesDoes(orDoesno)GoodtoUs要求考生就过多的学业压力是否对我们有利发表意见1994TV：aGoodThingoraBadThing电视是有利还是有害的？对此发表自己的观点和立场,Sample,Nowadaysyoungpeopletendtophonemoreoftenthanwritetoeachother.So,somesaythatphoneswillkillletterwriting.Whatisyouropinion?WillPhonesKillLetterWriting,WillPhonesKillLetterWriting,Nowadays,wehavesteppedintotheInformationAge.Youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherinsteadofwritingletters.Butevenifso,Istillmaintainthatphoneswillneverkillletterwriting.First,letterscanexpressyoursubtlefeelings.Withtheincreaseofthelivingpaceofmodernsociety,wefindthatthereisalackofcommunicationnow.Sometimeswhenyouarespeakingtosomeonethatyoucareandloveonthephone,youaresoshythatitstoohardtoexpressanyofyourfeelingstowardshimorher.Yourthroatseemstobeblocked!Atthistime,letterswillhelp.Withoutanyembarrassment,youcanjustwritedownyourdeepconcernandloveonapieceofpaper.Whenyoudroptheletterintothepillar-box,youwillfeelwhatheorshewillreceiveisnotonlyaletter,butalsoyourdeepestlove.Secondly,letterscanbekeptasarecordofmemory,whilephonescannot.Justimagine,whenyouopenanoldboxoflettersandreadthemyearslatter,alotofbeautifulandindeliblememorieswillbebroughtbacktoyou.Whatanirreplaceablefeelingitis!AndIbelieve,thisfeelingissomethingthatyoucandefinitelyneverexperiencethroughseveralphonecalls.Allinall,letterwritingwillabsolutelysurviveandeventhriveintheInformationAge.Phonescanneverkillit,neitherwillanything.,这是一篇立场选择型的命题式作文，要求考生从二者中选出一种作为作文的论点，论证其正确性。作者根据给定的话题，先引出话题-现在越来越多的人愿意通过电话进行交流。并指出正反两方面的立场-有人说电话将取代书信，有人说不会。作者清晰地阐明自己的立场-书信是不会被电话所取代的，然后通过两个分论点来证明：一是书信可以表达出细微的情感，二是信件可以记录人的记忆，而电话则不能。,考试中常见的错误是忽视了这类题目的要求和写法，这类题目要求二选一，着重论述一方也就是作者自己选定的立场论点，不需要面面俱到地论述正反两方面的立场。,英语写作中典型的病句实例,1disagreements不一致所谓不一致不仅指主谓不一致，还包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。例如：Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has;want应改为wants.改为：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo).,英语写作中典型的病句实例,2SentenceFragments句子不完整Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.剖析：本句后半部分“ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。改为：Therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample,byTV,radio,andnewspaper.TherearemanyinterestingperformancesintheCCTVSpringFestivalGala.Forexample,crosstalk,shortsketch,PekingOperaandsoon.改为：TherearemanyinterestingperformancesintheCCTVSpringFestivalGala，forexample,crosstalk,英语写作中典型的病句实例,3DanglingModifiers悬垂修饰语所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如：Attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied.剖析：句子中“attheageoften”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时。改为：WhenIwasten,mygrandfatherdied.Todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential.剖析：句子中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚。改为：Todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.,3DanglingModifiers悬垂修饰语,Asthemostimportantfestival,peoplealwayshavealotofwaystocelebratetheSpringFestival.改为：Asthe