星君Part II Anglo-Norman period..PPT演示课件

PartII:TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(10661350),1,1.historicalbackground,TheNormanConquest:InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OnChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEngland,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland,2,England1066.EventsintheNormanConquest,3,BayeuxTapestrydepictingeventsleadingtotheBattleofHastings.,4,1.historicalbackground,ThreechiefeffectsoftheConquest:ThebringingofRomancivilizationThegrowthofnationalityastrongcentralizedgovernment:thebeginningoffeudalisminEngland.Thenewlanguageandliterature.,5,TheInfluencesonLanguage,AftertheNormanConquestthegeneralrelationoftheNormanandSaxonsismasterandservants.Oneofthemoststrikingmanifestationsofthesupremacyoftheconquerorswastobeseeninlanguage.TheNormanslordsspokeFrench;theirEnglishsubjectsretainedoldtongue.Romances,theprominentformofliteratureintheAnglo-Normanperiod,wereatfirstallinFrench.,6,Bytheendofthe14thcentury:NormansandtheEnglishintermingled,Englishoncemorebecamethedominantspeechinthecountry,however,nowsomethingdifferentfromtheoldAnglo-Saxon.,TheInfluencesonLanguage,7,Englishvocabularyiscomposedof3sources:A.nativewordsorAnglo-Saxonorigin:basicvocabularyincludingwordsoffamilymembers,expressingnature,oftime,mostlysingleordoublesyllables.B.Norman-Frenchorigin:wordsofgovernment,administrative,law,wordsinvolvingreligion,militaryaffairs,dressing,cooking,diplomacy,socialcommunicationcultureC.Latinorigin:Mostareacademicwords(education,science).,TheInfluencesonLanguage,8,TheybroughtintoEnglandbright,romantictalesoftheloveandadventure,inremarkablecontrastwiththestrengthandsombernessoftheAnglo-Saxonpoetry.Thesubjectmattersare:1)mattersofFrance;2)mattersofGreeceandRome;3)mattersofBritain,TheInfluencesonLiterature,9,1.historicalbackground,TheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland:WilliamtheconquerorthenconfiscatedthelandsoftheEnglishlords,regardingthewholeEnglandashisown,andbestowedlargepatchesoflandtohisNormanBarons,whointurndividedtheirlandsamongtheirownknights.Thus,hepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism,andtheNormanConquestmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.,10,2.Literatureromance:,romanceorchivalricromanceisastyleofheroicproseandversenarrative.Romanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.Theywerefantasticstoriesaboutthemarvelousadventuresofachivalrous,heroicknighterrant,oftenofsuper-humanability,whooftengoesonaquest.,11,2.Literatureromance:,Romancehasdevelopedthecharacteristicmedievalmotifsofthequestthetest,themeetingwiththeevilgiantandtheencounterwiththebeautifulbeloved.,12,2.Literatureromance:,Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknightamanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons,commonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(contest),orfightingforhislordinbattle(later,devotinghimselftoprotectinghishostess,thusloveaffairsappeared.),devotedtothechurchandking.,13,2.Literatureromance:,TherulesgoverningthemannersandmoralsofaknightwereknownasCHIVALRY.Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances(asloyaltywasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality,withoutwhichthewholestructureoffeudalismwouldcollapse).,14,3.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,ThebestArthurianromance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseCharacters:KingArthur,SirGawain,theGreenKnight,15,Culturebackground,KingArthurandhisknightsofroundtable:KingArthurisoneofthegreatmythicfiguresofEnglishliterature.Dozensoflegendsandromanticimageshavegrownuparoundhim:theknightsoftheRoundTable,Merlinthewizard,andtheHolyGrail,tonameafew.,16,TheMarriageofKingArthurandGuinevere.,17,Culturebackground,TheemblemoftheKnightsoftheRoundTablewornroundthenecksofalltheKnightswasgiventothembyKingArthuraspartoftheceremonyoftheirbeingmadeaknight.,TheEmblemoftheKnights,18,3.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,19,3.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,Theplot1)Feastinthepalace2)Journeyforthegreenchapel3)Testinthecastle4)Blowinthechapel,20,3.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,ThemeAtestofmansvirtueandtruthMotif:thetestsoffaith,courageandpuritynobilityofheroThehumanweaknessforself-preservationhumannessRedemptionandsin,21,PartIII:GeoffreyChaucer(13401400),22,1.LifeExperiences,borninawinemerchantfamily,pagetoElizabethbroadandintimateacquaintancewithpersonshighandlowinallwalksoflifeandwellawareofthewholesociallifeofhistime.,23,1.BorntoawinemerchantinLondon.2.At17,becameapageinanoblemanshousehold.3.At19,wenttoFrancewiththeEnglisharmyandwasimprisoned.4.1367,enteredtheserviceoftheking.5.1372-73,wenttoItaly,Franceondiplomaticmissions.6.1374,controllerofcustomsinLondon.7.MPforKentin1386.8.BuriedinthePoetsCornerinWestminsterAbbey,becomingthefirsttooccupywhatisnowcalledPoetsCorner.,24,Chaucerburiedin“PoetsCorner”,25,Quotes,Peoplecandieofmereimagination.Loveisblind.Weknowlittleofthethingsforwhichwepray.Firsthewrought,andafterwardhetaught.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.,26,2.Hisliterarycareer-threeperiods,Frenchperiod(1360-1372)inFrench“Romanceoftherose”Italianperiod(1372-1385)inLatin“theLegendofGoodWomen”and“TroylusandCriseyde”Englishperiod(1386-1400)inEnglish“TheCanterburyTales”-freefromanyforeigninfluence,27,TroylusandCriseyde,Chaucerslongestcompletepoemabout8000lines.ItwaspartlyadaptedandpartlytranslatedfromBoccacciospoemIlFilostrato(TheLove-Stricken),whichinspiredHenrysonsTestamentofCaressedinthe15thcenturyandShakespearesTroilusandCressida,etc.Troylus-sonoftheTrojanking,abravewarriorandascofferatlove.Criseyde-daughterofsoothsayerCalchas.,28,FeaturesofTroilusandCriseyde,Chaucerendowedthepoemwithinterestofcharactersandthatofincident.HeenrichedthestorybythevividandhumorousfigureofPandarusandbythedevelopmentofthecharacterofCriseyde,aficklewoman.Withthepoem,hebecamematureinversification.Heisperfectmasterofhiscraft.,29,TheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstorieswritteninMiddleEnglishbyChaucerattheendofthe14thcentury.Thetales(mostlyinverse,althoughsomeareinprose)aretoldaspartofastory-tellingcontestbyagroupofpilgrimsastheytraveltogetheronajourneyfromSouthwarktotheshrineofSaintThomasBecketatCanterburyCathedral.,3.TheCanterburyTales,30,theCanterburyTaleswasChaucersmagnumopus.HeusesthetalesandthedescriptionsofthecharacterstopaintanironicandcriticalportraitofEnglishsocietyatthetime,andparticularlyoftheChurch.Structurally,thecollectionbearstheinfluenceofTheDecameron,whichChaucerissaidtohavecomeacrossduringhisfirstdiplomaticmissiontoItalyin1372.However,ChaucerpeopleshistaleswithsondryfolkratherthanBoccacciosfleeingnobles.,31,ChaucerasaPilgrimfromtheEllesmeremanuscript.,32,EzraWinter,Canterburytalesmural(1939),LibraryofCongressJohnAdamsBuilding,Washington,D.C.,33,AwoodcutfromWilliamCaxtonssecondeditionoftheCanterburyTalesprintedin1483.,34,CanterburyCathedral,England,CanterburyCathedral.Viewfromthenorthwestcirca1890-1900(retouchedfromablackKeepthynhonour,andkeepeekmynestaat”-Afterthatdaywehaddenneverdebaat.Translation:Thenhesaid,“Myowntruewife,Dowhateveryouwantallyourlife;Keepyourhonour,andkeepmyestate”-Afterthatday,weneveragaindebated,46,SocialSignificanceofTheCanterburyTales,A.Init,Chaucergivesusatrue-to-lifepictureofthesocietyofhistime.B.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.C.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesmansenergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.D.Histalesexposesandsatirizetheevilsofhistime.TheyattackthedegenerationoftheChurchandsoon.,47,E.Livinginatransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.Heisareligioushimself.Thereisnothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprisings.F.Whilepraisingmansrighttoearthlyhappiness,hesometimeslikestocrackaroughjokeandpaintnaturalisticpicturesofsexuallife.G.ThereareChaucersweakpoints.Buttheseare,however,ofsecondaryimportancecomparedwithhisachievementasagreatpoetandastory-teller.,48,Chaucerslanguage,Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.HeisthefirstofuseheroiccoupletwhichheintroducedfromFrance.HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage,makingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.,49,Heroiccouplet,Thefirst2linesofthe“Prologue”:AssoonasApripiercestotherootThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot.Thealternationbetweenstressedandunstressedsyllablesisregular,thewholelinecanbedividedintofivesuchdivisions,eachisaFoot.Foot:adivisionofalineinpoetry,inwhichthereisusuallyastrongbeatandoneortwoweakerones.,50,HeroicCouple,Couplet:twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Heroiccouple:isaniambicpentametercouple.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucer,andwidelyusedsubsequently,reachingaheightofpopularityintheworksofAlexanderPopebytheclosedcouplet,ie.Acoupletinwhichthetwolinesformacompleteunitofthought.,51,4.Chaucerscontributions,a.amasterofrealismb.founderofEnglishliterarylanguagec.FatherofEnglishpoetry:HeintroducedfromItalyandFrancethemetricalform-therhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheheroiccouplet(Theheroiccoupletisaniambicpentameterhavingthelinesrhyminginpairs.),52,5.PopularBallad,Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Theyaremostcharacteristicofprimitivesocieties.Englishballadswereprobablycomposedduringthe500yearsperiodfrom1300to1700,fewofthemwereprintedbeforethe18thcenturyandsomenotuntilthe19th.,53,5.PopularBallads-Definition,Aballadisafolksongororallytransmittedpoemtellinginadirectanddramaticmanner.Somepopularstoryusuallyderivedfromatragicincidentinlocalhistoryorlegend.Thestoryistoldsimply,impersonally,andoftenwithvividdialogue.,54,ThomasPercy,ThomasPercy(13April172930September1811)wasBishopofDromore.Beforebeingmadebishop,hewaschaplaintoGeorgeIII.PercysgreatestcontributionisconsideredtobehisReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetr(1765),thefirstofthegreatballadcollections,whichwastheoneworkmostresponsiblefortheballadrevivalinEnglishpoetrythatwasasignificantpartoftheRomanticmovement.,55,ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry,Thebookisbasedonanoldmanuscriptcollectionofpoetry,whichPercyclaimedtohaverescuedinHumphreyPittshouse,“fromthehandsofthehousemaidwhowasabouttolightthefirewithit.”ThemanuscriptwaseditedinitscompleteformbyJWHalesandFJFurnivallin1867-1868.Thismanuscriptprovidesthecoreoftheworkbutmanyotherballadswerefoundandincluded,somebyPercysfriendsJohnson,WilliamShenstone,ThomasWarton,andsomefromasimilarcollectionmadebySamuelPepys.,56,TheReliquescontainedonehundredandeightyballadsinthreevolumeswiththreesectionsineach.Oneballadwasremembereddifferentlybydifferentpeople.ItalsosetthestagenotonlyforRobertBurns,butalsoforWordsworthandColeridgesLyricalBallads.,ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry,57,PopularBallads-themes,Theballadshaveavarietyofthemes:thestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudalfamiliestheconflictbetweenloveandwealththeborderwarsbetweenEnglandandScotland,called“BorderBallads”mattersofclassstruggle,ofspecialimportantisTheRobinHoodBallads.humorousballads,58,TypicalFormofBallard,Usually,aballadiscomposedinfour-linestanzaswiththesecondandthefourthlinesrhymed.Thefirstandthethirdlinescarryfouraccentedsyllableswhereasthesecondandthefourthcarrythree.,59,RobinHoodBallads,Italsobelongsto“BorderBallads”,foritalsodescribestheincidentsontheEnglish-Scottishborder.ThefirstmentionofRobinHoodinliteratureisinLanglandsTheVisionofPiers,thePlowman.Themostsignificantgroupistheseriesof37ballads(F.J.Chilescollectiono