Unit-8--2-American-Education.ppt

AmericanEducation,BriefIntroductiontoAmericanEducation,1.EducationhasbeengreatlyrespectedthroughoutthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.2.Theprinciple:Eachcitizenshouldreceivethebesteducationpossibleandeveryoneshouldgetequalopportunitytoreceiveatleastsomeeducation.,3.Attheturnofthe20thcentury,publiceducationdevelopedmorerapidlyandmorepeoplegottheopportunityofgoingtoschool.4.Thedistinctivefeatureisitsemphasisoneducationofthemassesratherthanoneducationoftheintellectuals.,II.FormsoftheEducation,ElementaryEducationSecondaryEducationHigherEducation,3-5,Theageof6,Childrenbegintheirschooleducation,Elementaryeducation,NurserySchoolorKindergarten,Finishingtheelementaryschooleducation,Higherschool,automatically,JuniorHighSchool,SeniorHighSchool,SeniorHighSchool,CollegeandUniversity,conditionally,HigherEducation,1.GeneralIntroductionA.Thereare2000universities,collegesorotherinstitutesintheU.S.B.Morethan60%cancontinuecollegeeducationaftergraduation.C.ofallthecollegesanduniversitiesareprivate.,2.TypesofInstitutions,A.Two-yearcollege:“JuniorCollege”and“CommunityCollege”a.Itservesasabridgetoconnectsecondaryschoolsanduniversities.b.Itmeetsvariousneedsofthestudents.c.Teachershavemastersdegree.,B.Four-yearcollege:“liberalartcollege”“collegeofartandscience”a.Itscurriculumisconfinedtohumanities,socialandbehavioralscience,andthenaturalsciences.b.TheyofferthedegreesoftheBachelorofArt(BA)andtheBachelorofScience(BS).,C.Universities:a.Auniversitymayhaveseveralcolleges.b.Itscurriculumisbroaderanddeeper.c.Manyuniversitieshaveoneormoreprofessionalschools.d.Theymayhaveavarietyofresearchunitsinvariousfields.,3.FacultyMembers,A.Rangingfromfullprofessorstoinstructors:a.Fullprofessorb.Associateprofessorc.Assistantprofessord.InstructorB.Qualifications:mastersdegreeordoctorate,4.Part-timeWorkingandStudentsOrganizations,A.Hallsofresidence(学生宿舍)arelimitedandsmallinspace.B.Theymostlydounskilledwork.C.Manystudentsareinterestedinstudentsorganizations.D.Americanfootballhasbecomethemostimportantformofuniversitysports.,A.Ifastudenthassatisfactoryhighschoolrecords,hecanbeadmittedtoastateuniversitybutonlythosewiththebestschoolrecordsareadmitted.B.Thetuitioninprivatecollegeisveryhigh.C.Thesemestersystemdividestheyearintotwoterms.D.Therearefourgradesfreshman,sophomore,juniorandsenior.,5.AdmissionandAcademicLevels,E.Acreditisdefinedasonehourofclassroomlecture,ortwotothreehoursofexperimentsperweekforasemester.F.DegreesofhighereducationBachelorsDegreeMastersDegreeDoctorsDegree,6.GraduateStudy,A.Therearetwokindsforthemastersdegree.Onerequiresathesispaper,anotherdoesntrequireathesisbutmorecredits.B.Thetimeforthecompletionofamasterdegreevaries.C.Adoctoraterequiresspecificadmission,themastersdegreebeingthemostimportantqualification.D.Workatthislevelishighlyindividual.,7.Well-knownUniversities,A.IVYLeaguea.Itisappliedtoeightuniversities:Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,PrincetonandYaleb.In1945thepresidentsoftheeightuniversitiesenteredintoanagreement.c.“TheIVYLeague”waschangedto“theIVYGroup”accordingtothePresidentsAgreementin1954.d.The1970sbroughttheinclusionofwomensteams.,B.HarvardUniversityMotto:Truth,a.ABriefIntroductiontoHarvard:ItistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheU.S.Itwasestablishedin1636.Harvardsfirstscholarshipfundwascreatedin1643.SevenAmericanpresidentsweregraduatesofHarvard.,b.AdmissionandStudents,Eachschoolmaintainsitsownadmissionofficeandspecializedstafftomeettheneedsoftheirprospectivestudents.Thereareadmissionsofficeforthefollowingprograms:Undergraduate,Graduateprograms,ProfessionalEducationprograms,ContinuingEducation,SummerSchoolProgramsThestudentsofdifferentbackgroundcanapplyforfinancialaid.,BillGatesinhishomeschool-Harvard,c.SchoolsandResearchCenters,TherearemanyschoolsinHarvard.Harvardhasnumerouscenters,institutesandsocieties.HarvardhasaProvostsOfficeestablishedin1994withbroadresponsibilities.d.MakingMajorImpactontheWorldIn2002researchersatDana-FarberCancerInstitutefindagenethatleadstoobesityandmayfightcancer.,In2003HarvardastronomersdiscoveranewplantintheconstellationSagittarius.In2004stemcellscientistDouglasMeltonannouncesthecreationof17newlinesofembryonicstemcells.In2005physicsProfessorRoyGlauberwonNobelPrizeinPhysicsforpioneeringworkonthenatureandbehavioroflight.In2006HarvardStemCellInstitutescientistsdiscoveratypeofmastercellthatgivesrisetoothercellsthatcauseahearttobeat.,e.LibrariesandMuseums,TheHarvardUniversityLibraryisthesystemofmorethan80librariesthatprovidescomprehensiveaccesstoHarvardslibraryholdings.ItisadepartmentoftheUniversityscentraladministration.Therearevariouskindsofmuseums:TheHarvardUniversityArtMuseums,HarvardMuseumofNaturalHistory,SemiticMuseum,DigitalHarvardMuseum,C.YaleUniversityMotto:LightandTruth,a.ABriefIntroductiontoYaleItisaprivateuniversityinConnecticut.Itcomprisesthreemajoracademiccomponents:YaleCollege,theGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciences,theprofessionalschools.Yaleencompassesawidearrayofcentersandprograms,libraries,museumsandadministrativesupportoffices.,b.History,In1640scolonialclergymenestablishedacollegetopreservethetraditionofEuropeanliberaleducationintheNewWorld.In1701thecharterwasgrantedfortheschoolandin1718theschoolwasrenamed“YaleCollege”.The19thand20thcenturiesbroughttheestablishmentofthegraduateandprofessionalschools.TheUniversitybeganadmittingwomenstudentsatthegraduatelevelin1869,andasundergraduatesin1969.,c.CradleofNotablePoliticianscooking,manualskills,PETeachersmusthaveabachelorofartsdegreewithamajorineducation.,SecondaryEducation,Thereisnoentranceexam.Causes:Englishliterature,composition,socialscience,mathematics,laboratoryexperimentsandforeignlanguages,art,music,PEThereisalsovocationaltraining.Teachersmusthaveamasterofartsdegreeineducation.,College:itreferstoaninstitutionrequiringasecondaryschoolcertificateforadmission.Itisoftenusedinplaceoftheword“University”University:itreferstoaninstitutionwhichismorecomprehensiveandcomplexthananyotherkindofU.S.highereducat