unit-5-hypotaxis-and-parataxis--.ppt

Unit5,形合与意合(hypotaxis意合和形合是语言表现法。所谓“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接；,意和(Parataxis),theso-calledparataxisreferstotherealizationoftheconnectionofthemwithoutthehelpofthelanguageformbutthelogicalmeaningofthewordsorphrases.Theformeronefocusonthelanguagecohesioninform,thelatterfocusonthesignificanceofthecontinuouscoherence.所谓“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion)，后者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。,Examples,好好学习，天天向上。Studyhard,makeprogresseveryday.Studyhard,andmakeprogresseveryday.Ifonestudieshard,hewillmakeprogresseveryday.,Examples,他不来，我不走。Hedoesntcome,Iwontgo.Iwontgounlesshecomes.Illstayuntilhecomes.,Examples,去了也白去。Evenifyougothere,therewontbeanyresult.天气寒冷，河水都结了冰。Itwassocoldthattheriverfroze.跑得了和尚跑不了庙。Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecannotrunawaywiththem.,Examples,我们尊重知识分子是对。没有革命知识分子，革命就不会胜利。Itsentirelyrighttoesteemintellectuals,forwithoutrevolutionaryintellectuals,therevolutioncanttriumph.他虽然很穷，但是无论给他多少钱，他也不会出卖祖国。Poorashewas,hewasabovesellinghiscountryatanyprice.,Examples,早知如此，我就不来了。IfIhadknownit,Iwouldnothavecomehere.工作非常不易，我们很感激他。Becausetheworkwassohard,wewereverygratefultohim.天气很好，我们决定举行露天招待会。Astheweatherwasfine,wedecidedtoholdthereceptionintheopenair.坚持变革创新，理想就会变为现实。Ifwepersistinourreform,wewillbeabletoturnouridealsintoreality.,KeyDifferenceuseofconnectives,Connectives(联系用语)Relativepronoun（关系代词）Relativeadverb（关系副词）Coordinator（并列连接词）Subordinator（从属连接词）,RelativePronoun(who,whom,which,that,what)（关系代词）,语法上是主句与定语从句关系。Heisoneoftheboyswhoalwaysdoeswellatschool.Thisiswhathetoldusatthemeeting.,RelativeAdverb(when,where,why,how)（关系副词）,语法上是主句和定语从句关系，相当于“介词+which”。Thisisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.Doyouknowthewayhowtheysolvedtheproblems?,Coordinator（并列连接词）,and,or,but,bothand,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,sothat,aswellas,ratherthan,etc.,Subordinator（从属连接词）,when/as/while/everytime/assoonas/directly/nosoonerWhere/wherever/wherethere哪里哪里就Becauseof/asaresultof/forthereasonthat/forfearthat/seeingthat/considering/giventhat/asaresult/withtheresultthat/forthisreason/hence/sothat,Subordinator（从属连接词）,Sothat/inorderto/soasto/withaviewto/forthepurposeof/inthehope(hopes)of/withaneyetoIf/supposed/provided/onconditionthat/aslongas/unless/incasethough/although(yet)/evenif/nomatter/inspiteof/despite关于asto/asfor/regarding/concerning/withregardto/speakingof/asfarasareconcerned/inrelationto/intermsof,KeyDifferenceuseofconnectives,连词非谓语形式。不定式、现在分词、过去分词。介词短语及其他的独立成分。,英汉语言差异及翻译,一般说来，英汉两种语言主要区别在于形合和意合。英语由于有众多的连接方式，句法结构上可以叠床架屋，盘根错节，句式显得非常复杂，冗长但却有非常严格、完整。英语句式在逻辑次序安排、语义重心布置上都比较自由、灵活，形态上向一串丰满的葡萄。汉语一般不习惯太长的句式，行文多用竹竿一般的短句，语义信息按照一定的规律编成竹竿，再沿竹竿向前流去。这就决定了汉语的行文安排不如英语那样自由灵活。汉英翻译“化零为整”,ExamplesAnalysis,我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。Weshouldrespectandlearnfromeachotheranddrawuponothersstrongpointstooffsetonesowndeficienciesforachievingcommonprogress.,ExamplesAnalysis,这里，我想就中国纺织品出口的问题谈些看法，希望有助于诸位对现状的了解。Here,IwouldliketomakesomeobservationsonChinastextileexport,whichIhopewillhelpyouunderstandthepresentsituationbetter.Here,IwouldliketomakeanaccountontheexportofChinastextileproductsinthehopethatallofyouwillhaveaclearerpictureonthepresentsituation.,ExamplesAnalysis,这是我个人的想法，不见得恰当。谢谢！Thisisonlymypersonalview,whichmightbewrong.Thankyouverymuch!,ExamplesAnalysis,明清两个朝代，封建统治者实行闭关锁国政策，阻碍了中国的进步和中外交流。DuringtheMingandQingDynasties,thefeudalrulersadoptedapolicyofseclusion,whichhamperedChinasprogressanditsexchangeswiththeoutsideworld.,ExamplesAnalysis,我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局，妥善解决分歧，不断朝着增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目标前进。Weshouldtakeafirmholdoftheoverallinterestsofsino-USrelationsandsettleourdifferencesproperlysoastoreachthegoalofpromotingmutualunderstanding,broadeningcommonground,developingcooperationandbuildingafuturetogether.,ExamplesAnalysis,中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求，日本拥有先进的科学技术和巨大的物质力量，两国之间有着很强的经济互补性。ChinaholdsahugemarketandgreatdemandfordevelopmentandJapanholdsadvancedscienceandtechnologyaswellasenormousmaterialforce.Theeconomiesofthetwocountriesarethereforehighlycomplementarywitheachother.Chinaboastsahugeandgreatdemandfordevelopment,whileJapanownsadvancedscienceandtechnologyaswellasenormousmaterialstrength,whichhavetogethercontributedtothestrongeconomiccomplementaritybetweenthetwocountries.,ExamplesAnalysis,中国是一个有五千年文明历史的国家，从历史文化来了解和认识中国，是一个重要的视角。Chinaisacountrywith5,000yearsofcivilization.Therefore,itisimportanttoapproachChinafromahistoricalandculturalperspective.,ExamplesAnalysis,我们的主要调整方向应该是发挥公司的比较优势，当然就是技术优势了。Ourobjectiveofadjustmentshouldbetobringintoplaythecompanyscomparativeadvantage,whichistheadvantageintechnology.Ouradjustmentshouldbeaimedatusingthecompanyscomparativeadvantage,thatis,theadvantageintechnology.,ExamplesAnalysis,一个繁荣、富强的中国，一个稳定的中国比一个动乱的、贫穷的、落后的中国要对无论美国也好、无论对亚太地区也好，无论对世界也好，是有好处的、是有益的。这个应该说是积极的。Aprosperous,strongandstableChinaisbettertotheUnitedStates,totheAsia-PacificRegion,andtothewholeworldthanachaotic,poorandbackwardChina,sothisisquitepositive.,ExamplesAnalysis,对于工业化国家和发展中国家，这都是一个他们日益关切的问题，切需国际合作。Tobothindustrializedanddevelopingcountries,thisisanissueofgrowingconcerninwhichinternationalcooperationisessential.,ExamplesAnalysis,原打算五月份访华，后不得不推迟，深感失望。由于贵公司的努力，访问这么快得以重新安排，非常高兴。ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadintendedtopaytoChinainMay.Iwasd