中英家庭教育差异的比较

中英家庭教育差异的比较Onthe Differences between Chinese and British Family Education摘要家庭教育作为青少年教育的初级阶段的重要性在不断增加，关于家庭教育的研究也呈现出增长的趋势。本文将以目前青少年的事件为例比较中国与英国的家庭教育的差异，分析其原因和影响。主要目的是为了让中国家庭认识到家庭教育的重要性和改进中国的家庭教育模式。关键词：中国, 英国, 青少年, 家庭教育, 差异AbstractThe importance of family education as the primary stage of youth education is increasing. The researches on family education also present a growth trend. This paper will compare the differences between Chinese and British family education based on news and analyze some living examples as well. In fact, the key is to make Chinese parents know the importance of family education and find out the most suitable method for their children.Key Words：China; Britain; teenagers; family education; differencesI. IntroductionAs the saying goes, parents words and deeds are examples for children to grow up, familys concern is a hotbed of children to grow up, and the harmony in a family is the motivation for children to grow up. What is the type of family education? Some will put emphasis on learning, and some will stress habits, which are reasonable. For one persons personality and ability, family education plays a crucial role in their growth and developing, because they are cultivated through family education. Children spend most time with their family members, so they are easy to be influenced by their family members and form their own outlooks on the world, and eventually something influence their personal development in the future (Huang Xiaoyong and Huang Caifang, 2009:212-215). In a sense, by studying the difference of family education between Chinese and British teenagers, the first purpose is to let the Chinese family realize the importance of the family education in that family education is related to teenagers personality shaping and it impacts to society and state; the second purpose is that people would better realize the advantages and disadvantages existed in the Chinese family education. The young people are one of the vulnerable groups in society, and also are the weak link to be attacked by the harmful factors. This topic is to make the Chinese family set up the concept of family education, and then alter the traditional family education patterns to promote the growth of children in a positive way and maintain the family harmony and social stability. II. The Differences of Family Education between China and Britain2.1. DifferenteducationalpurposesIn fact, the family is one of the important environments to affect childrens learning and to help children gain knowledge and skills, so parents play an important role (Caddell D., 1998). For Chinese family, the main aim of family education is to cultivate childrens “talent”, and parents also think that a good beginning means a good education, which is an important task of the kindergarten, not for parents, and that their children will have ambition, have a good career, and life can be spent in prosperity in the future. However, they ignore the cultivation of the “human” part, the “human” includes: physical, spiritual, mental, moral character, and interest, etc. Chinese parents put too much emphasis on childrens intelligence development, but forget that children are also a member of the society, and also need the support of survival skills. This is the “genius” for the study, but the “idiots” for life. In the face of society with scores, this way of education is chosen by Chinese parents also in desperation. Chinese traditional culture connotations of family education are rich deeply throughout the life of various periods and every aspect of life, and regularized family education came into being (An, 2008:28). Now, however, the purpose of Chinese family education has been blended with many social factors, which changed the original intention of it to lead Chinese youth in family education to receive some error and even ridiculous ideas. In British family, by contrast, parents often require children to have the all-round development. Children not only should have a rational and noble virtue, but also have a high scholarly attainment. The growth of a gentleman is the common efforts of the family and society. Over time, the inflexible characteristic of the British and the lack of national personality change have formed (Li, 1999:13). In light of this feature, we need to learn from the developed country like Britain, how to get new change in the constant as well as how to make its excellent traditional education thoughts link with the time. 2.2. DifferenteducationalmethodsThe family education in UK can be summed up in two words, namely “equality” and “loose”. They could choose the negotiated method. They do not regard child as anaccessory, but as an independent person. British parents usually pay more attention to the nurture of childrens independent quality at their early age, and also they rarely spoil the child. In the UK, the baby has seldom been seen holding by the young parents and some parents choose the pushing buggies, or let the child go with stumbling around themselves, and they can not wrap children. Usually seeing children go to the park or go out to play with parents together and talk with each other. On the weekend, the children could go to play football, baseball, and reunion, and also can stay at home reading, surf the Internet, play games, and will not be forced to participate in various kinds class by parents. After 18 years old, the children would be allowed to leave the parents to live independently. Nevertheless, on the other hand, the appalling result is appending that children are out of control. Nowadays, although most Chinese families are coming to learn the way of freedom and equality to treat their children, in fact, there is still seniority in the family or clan, which is like one thousand years old tree root, has penetrated in every corner of every family. Therefore, that is too difficult to change. Chinese parents always compare their children with others and wish them to adsorb the common advantages. In addition to the childrens family responsibilities, in British family, the more is to cultivate childrens personality, individuality. Facing some sensitive issues, Chinese parents are about to choose to avoid, rather than actively guide. Due to this way, children have no strike back when they meet some special conditions or some heavy news, especially in the single-parent family or both parents have intense contradiction. In fact, the knowledge about sex, religion and politics, each family must confront but the result depends on the attitude parents take. The traditional Chinese families seldom talk frankly between parents and children or avoid. These topics are also sensitive in British families, but the most of them do not avoid these problems on purpose, and only could choose a more tactful way to boot. Perception of puppy love, for example, Chinese parents would think kids should not be so early to contact, especially for girls, they more should pay attention to their own honor at the predominantly learning age; for British parents, when children appear to the curiosity of love, the first choice is to encourage children to learn how to love without transgressing moral premise, and then is to teach children how to protect themselves in the process. III. Reasons for the Differences3.1 DifferenthistoricalbackgroundsBritain lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. To a certain extent, this cut its contact with the outside world. So the English people more or less could reveal exclusiveness and conservativeness. There was a number of foreign invasions in history, many invasions changed the racial and ethnic groups of English people, and also brought the advanced economy and culture to this country. It was clear to see that the people in UK are lack of a sense of security and stability, so they do not like altering something that they are used to. Since they have carried out constitutional monarchy, Britain became the first country into the high level society, and even described itself as “the empire on which the sun never sets”. In 1640, the British bourgeois revolution marked that the history of the world turned went into the era of capitalism. As the birthplace of the industrial revolution and the first industrialized country, the UK played an important role in the rise of the west world, and also had a profound influence to eastern countries. Unfortunately, after World War I and Word War II, the British Empire collapsed in the second half of the 20th century.It was obvious that they had strong power in the modern history, The British are very proud of their own history. In the meantime, religious history has a place in the British history and culture as well. With the change of the invasion and rulers, the English religious culture had already changed in the early time, separation of religion and politics in the late made people freedom in religious belief, and brought new light. For these reasons above, the British people have formed the traditional characteristics just as gentle, independent and individualism and unchangeable. Hence, this family education mode could be consistently carried on as before, and make appropriate adjustments in the change of the times.About China, looking back about five-thousand-year history, there was a profound cultural background. In the ancient time, many countries in the world once followed China in the long time. However, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, for the next hundred years China was overtaken by the west countries. But during the sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century, capitalism in western countries has formed and development; and even the western colonial powers also expended outward the world. In the meantime, China was still in the shifting period of the late feudal society. After entering the nineteenth century, China was far left behind. That moment, the western capitalist like the UK had developed and colonially expanded toward the east countries, which made China into an unprecedented severe challenge and face with the extremely profound existential crisis. Thereupon, since the opium war in 1840 more than one hundred years, China was under the ravages of the western powers and fell into the stricken semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. During the next one hundred years, the Chinese people did struggle and revolute, until the founding of new China in 1949 people saw the dawn of happiness. After that, China has taken place earth-shaking changes in the family, society, economy, culture and polity but filled with obstacles. Especially in the middle of the twentieth century, China adopted a policy of reform and opening up, which opened the doors to the world and had access to the new things. Nowadays, China also constantly improves the comprehensive national strength and international status and maintains a curious about new things.On the basic of the influence of historical background, Chinese peoples characteristic mostly includes the features of emphasizing on harmony and keeping curiosity. In the terms of cultural values, Chinese people are relatively intrapersonal and conservative, in the meantime, lack of spirit of adventure and create consciousness, which is the difference in the Chinese family education.3.2 DifferentsocialconditionsSociety also plays an important role in family education, which is the cause of difference between Chinese and British family education. First of all, the Chinese and British social old-age security and the level of sound law are different. Britain is the birthplace of establishing social security system in the world. They have a relatively mature and perfect security system, especially in the elderly care, almost covering the elderly all side of life. So parents do not think keep children for supporting parents in their old age. When kids becomes an independent people with the sense of responsibility and compassion at eighteen years old, parents deem that they do themselves duties and child could decide the way in the future how to go on his own (Ding, 2012). At present, the obvious feature of Chinas population changes is oldening before getting rich (Cai，2012). In light of poor economic condition, unsound social old-age security and some old ideas, parents consider childrens education due to individual endowment or personal honor face. Parents always see children as their own private properties and want children to give back to them, and thus on breeding ways and methods of the fully embody this point. The second factor is about the national overall quality. In 2003, according to the Chinese Education and Human Resources Issues Report, the Ministry of Education announced that in China the civilian who were over fifteen years old, the average year of education was 7.85 years, and those who were 25 years or the older whose time was 7.42 years. It illustrated the year of the national education is short for Chinese. Actually in Britain the population proportion between people who can read and write and people who accept the school education are not same. So some scholars suggested, “Focusing on a large number of informal learning institutions and other learning styles is more benefits” (Laqueur T W., 1976:23). Children and parents must contact with society, so social collective cultural quality also will influence them. Especially in this material situation, it is simple to affect surroundings to deviate them from the principle of self.In the end, the integrity of family also affects the education of teenagers. On account of the unbalance of family education, it is possible that the youth go astray on the direct cause. This is mainly manifested in the children who are in single parent remarried family, recombined family and left-behind children. When failing to get warm in home, perhaps they will lose their way. In 2010, according to statistics form the Office for National Statistics in Britain, the divorce number has fell by 29%. According to the Chinese civil affairs department statistics, Chinas divorced number raised from 341,000 in 1980 to 1.613 million in 2005. Both countries faced with the high divorced rate - an inevitable social problem. The social development in Britain is rolling smoothly now, while China is in the social transition period in which more situations took place in broken home, migrant family and remarried combination family and hard life to solve. The education in a misshapen family often arouses many catastrophic consequences. 3.3 DifferenteconomicformsThe first industrial revolution happened in Britain that was the earliest one into industrialization process in capitalist countries. Although the two World Wars made Britains economic power seriously weak, it still belonged to one of the strong economic power country in the world. From the beginning of the 1980s, the British economy has been gradually restored. Nowadays, the importance of British industry shows up a continuous declination in economy. Also it was taken the way of intensive and meticulous farming in agriculture and highly mechanized, which the workforce less than 2% could meet 60% demands allover the country. The UK, a pragmatist country, the financial services industry is the backbone of and the service industry is the largest part in GDP and takes the world leading position, especially in banking, finance, shipping, insurance and business. London, the capital, is the worlds lead in financial, shipping and service center. Britains education, academic studies and scientific researches also are at the world leading positions, such as the world famous university, Cambridge and Oxford University, and they are the worlds most important accident education centers to attract many foreign students from all over the world.Although China is now still in the primary stage of socialism and has a large gap with many developed countries in productive forces and instrument of production, Chinese people realized that the rise of the economic strength not only can solve the problem of peoples food and clothing, but also can overallstrength and transform the mode of economic development and the adjustment of economic structure. This is the significant reason to have huge improvement in economy recently. With the deepening of the reform and opening-up policy, our countrys economic vitality is stimulated and its “golden development” time is coming, but several problems have produced as well, such as the widening income gap, highlighting social stratification and the changing social structure and so on. In addition, via an analysis about the correlation between education and the growth of economy on thirty-one provinces, we found that the harmony exists in eastern, central and western three areas of the situation are unbalance. The UK is a senior powerful economic country whose national economic wealth experienced a long accumulation. Often we can see the rich are usually continuous generations rather than the upstart. So in the accumulating process, they would strengthen their own quality education and cherish the hard-won things. When they have the ability, they will give back to society. The status in China is exactly opposite. Chinas per capita wealth is less than a quarter of the UK and the development of Chinas economy slowly began. After 1960s, the rich suddenly appeared like mushrooms after rain, the families also are lasting to the third generation up to now. Those who experienced the bitter day hope to give their children the best, but neglect the cultivation of spiritual civilization. On t