2008年华东政法大学国际法专业博士入学考试英语试题

华东政法大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分 基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. We have lunch on the _ of twelve every day.A. strike B. stroke C. soundD. beat2. Even though he was more than sixty he had very few _ on the face.A. frecklesB. wrinkleC. spotsD. dimples3. We set _ our task at once with great enthusiasm. A. offB. out C. upD. about4. You should always switch _ the electricity before going on holiday.A. on B. to C. offD. around5. This conversation _ a difference of opinion between us.A. gave rise to B. amounted to C. went to D. got6. Dont bother to look for my umbrella, it will _ some day.A. turn up B. turn overC. turn out D. turn on7. _, we were just talking about the same thing.A. too oddlyB. too strangeC. oddly enoughD. strength enough8. If trades no better next month, we shall go _ and then what will you do for jobs?A. backB. blackC. brokeD. blank9. People who take part in sports must keep in _.A. ill healthB. bad conditionC. good handicapD. good condition10. They say that, without family life, old people go morally to _.A. dieB. bedC. piecesD. piece11. I, _ my part, was excited to see the great bell in the Kremlin.A. for B. as C. in D. on12. They were _ trying to frighten the public into obedience.A. evidentlyB. obviousC. clearD. in evidence13. The _ of thought in the country has turned against war.A. tideB. floodC. currentD. currency14. Wood furniture does not depreciate in value _ properly handled and protected.A. that B. if C. unlessD. whether15. The police chief ordered that parking _ on Main Street during the rush hour.A. be prohibitingB. be prohibitedC. is prohibitedD. was prohibited16. _ to give expression to my sub-conscious desire to move toward him, I would have paused, for he was tremendous in his great height and strength.A. If I was really aboutB. If I were really aboutC. Have I really been aboutD. Had I really been about17. The police admitted _ a mistake in arresting an innocent man.A. to makeB. to have madeC. to having madeD. to making18. She listened carefully _ she might discover exactly what he wanted.A. so as that B. in case C. providingD. in order that19. They have _ many horrible crimes against the American people.A. doneB. made C. tookD. committed20. Use equal _ of nuts and raisins in the cake.A. quantitiesB. quantityC. in qualityD. in quantityPart II: Reading Comprehension (25%).Section A (20%)Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 30 are based on the following passage.The world has become so complicated that weve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgment.It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “Its nothingjust one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor, I said, almost in desperation, “But I live in this body. I know somethings different.”“If you wont take my word for it, Ill take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. “Its a good thing youre so smart,” he said.” Most patients die of these tumors because we dont know theyre there until it is too late.”Im really not so smart. And Im too docile in the face of authority. I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. Its hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address: “ The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When its an area we really know aboutour bodies, our families, our houses lets listen to what the experts say, then, make up our own minds.Notes:1) cardboard carton: a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paper2) scalp: the skin covering the head3) eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fits4) docile: easily managed or taught21. “It” in “deal with it” (para.1) refers to _A. confidence B. the world C. ability D. complication22. “Expertise” in para.1 means_ A. common sense B. expert skill or knowledge B. unusual ability to appreciate D. personal experience23. We have to trust our own judgment since _ A. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseB. experts often lose their common sense C. experts may sometimes fail to give good advice D. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise24. “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that” (para. 2) refers to_ A. I can learn to trust my judgment B. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myself C. common sense is not as useful as knowledgeD. expertise may not be reliable25. While reading one day, the author_ A. found a hole at the back of his head B. heard a scratching sound from a carton C. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratching D. noticed a sound coming out from his head26. “tease” in para. 3 means_A. to make fun of B. to comfort C. to reply D. to disbelieve27. “if you wont take my word for it” in para.5 may be paraphrased _. A. if you dont think my word is worth anything B. if you dont listen to my advice C. if you dont believe my judgmentD. if you prefer actions to words28. “Skull” in para.6 most probably means _. A. the bony framework of the head B. the surface skin of the head C. the nerve system inside the headD. the top part of the head29. The author didnt think he was smart (para.7)because _. A. he had already suffered for two years B. he had not been able to put up with the pain C. he had believed too much in expertiseD. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself30. It happens that the examples given by the author _. A. all concern with wars B. are taken from modern American history C. have become popular themes in moviesD. have American Civil War as the backgroundPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 40 are based on the following passage.On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to Play Space, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions. Theres just one irritating detail: when you pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.”“In that case, write Mr. Frum.”At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza Toro.In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the practice of leaving a visiting card.Theres hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I give a message fro her boss, “Ill tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent, whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful “Hello, David!”You dont have to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories. Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order.Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worse than uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I dont believe it. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I wont go along with his story idea. No, its not friendliness that drives first-namers; its aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the banks chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an assertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1) contraptions: (informal) mechanical devices; gadgets2) felt-tip marker: 软笔尖的颜色笔3) adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌4) Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English5) Bangor: City of South central Maine6) Bangkok: Capital of Thailand, 曼谷7) spiel (slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive8) collect call: a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver 9) press baron: Baron is the lowest male rank of nobility, but here it stands for a man with great power in press10) mock: simulated31. The author apparently regrets_A. having to take his children to PlaySpaceB. being first-namedC. being approached so frequently by PR agentsD. having to put on an adhesive lapel tag32. “PR” in paragraph6 stands for_A. personal request B. personal respectC. public relations D. public review33. When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone_A. he is usually very formal and faithfulB. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking at the other endC. he finds people address each other formallyD. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message34. He often finds secretaries _A. irresponsible in answering phone callsB. trustworthy in passing messagesC. not only friendly but also carefulD. calling him David35. The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first name is being_A. cheerful B. friendly C. disrespectful D. light-hearted36. “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_A. as firmly fixed as B. as useless asC. as out of fashion as D. as unmistakenly as37. Habitual first-namers claim amounts to saying_A. theres nothing that can be worse than high-spirited friendlinessB. their attitude should be acceptableC. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control themselvesD. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger38. The so-called high-spirited friendliness (para. 6) is actually_A. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in realityB. out and out insultC. a well-accepted skill in public relations D. an act of outward warmth39. “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means_A. by all means B. in the end C. in a second D. in reality40. “I wont go along with” in paragraph 6 may be paraphrased asA. I wont believe B. I wont go on listening.C. I wont agree with. D. I wont stick to.Section B: Short Answer Questions (5%).Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 2.People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember asolution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem. First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sams bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike doesnot work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time, he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels. Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes thefinal idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes thesolution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels. Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem.Questions:1. In analyzing a problem we should _.2. By referring to Sams broken bicycle, the author intends to _.3. People may learn from_. 4. As used in the last sentence, the phrase “in short” means _.5. The best title for this passage is _.Part III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write about 180 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.How to Manage Time1. The significance of time management.2. How to manage time efficiently.3. Conclusion.NOTE: Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分 专业英语试题Part I：Reading Comprehension (40%).Direction: Read the following 4 passages carefully, decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. (2pointss for each, totally 40 points)I.To follow the story of the Western legal tradition，and to accept it, is to confront implicit theories both of law and of history that are no longer widely accepted, at least in the universities. The theories that do prevail pose serious obstacles to an appreciation of the story.The conventional concept of law as a body of rules derived from statutes and court decisions reflecting a theory of the ultimate source of law in the will of the law maker (the state) is wholly inadequate to support a study of a transnational legal culture. To speak of the Western legal tradition is to postulate a concept of law, not as a body of rules, but as a process, an enterprise, in which rules have meaning only in the context of institutions and procedures, values, and ways of thought. From this broader perspective the sources of law include not only the will of the law maker but also the reason and conscience of the community and its customs and usages. This is not the prevailing view of law. But it is by no means unorthodox: it used to be said, and not long ago, that there are four sources of law: legislation, precedent, equity, and custom. In the formative era of the Western legal tradition there was not nearly so much legislation or so much precedent as there came to be in later centuries. The bulk of law was derived from custom, which was viewed in the light of equity (defined as reason and conscience). It is necessary to recognize that custom and equity are as much law as statutes and decisions, if the story of the Western legal tradition is to be followed and accepted.Beyond that, it is necessary to recognize that law in the West is formed into integrated legal systems, in each of which the various constituent elements take their meaning partly from the system as a whole. Further, each system is conceived to be a developing one; therefore, the meaning of each constituent element is derived not only from what the system has been in the past but also from what it is coming to be in the future. These, too, are not convention