篮球历史英文介绍HISTORYOFBASKETBALL.ppt

HISTORYOFBASKETBALL,PanagiotisLampousis,G4November2010Teacher:MsApostolaki,Teamsport,Basketballisateamsport.Butinbasketballteams,everyplayerhasgothisambitions.Togetatransferinthebestteams,tobeatoneofthebestplayers,towinasmanytrophiesashecan.Tobeinhisnationalteamsquad,andplayagainstothercountries.Butitisateamsport,whichneedsco-operationandteamspirit.,Whereitcamefrom,andhowitstarted.,InearlyDecember1891,Dr.JamesNaismith,aCanadian-bornphysicaleducationprofessorandinstructorattheInternationalYoungMensChristianAssociationTrainingSchool(YMCA)(today,SpringfieldCollege)inSpringfield,Massachusetts,USA,wastryingtokeephisgymclassactiveonarainyday.HesoughtavigorousindoorgametokeephisstudentsoccupiedandatproperlevelsoffitnessduringthelongNewEnglandwinters.Afterrejectingotherideasaseithertooroughorpoorlysuitedtowalled-ingymnasiums,hewrotethebasicrulesofhisgameandnailedapeachbasketontoa10-foot(3.05m)elevatedtrack.Incontrastwithmodernbasketballnets,thispeachbasketretaineditsbottom,andballshadtoberetrievedmanuallyaftereachbasketorpointscored;thisprovedinefficient,however,sothebottomofthebasketwasremovedallowingtheballstobepokedoutwithalongdoweleachtime.Thepeachbasketswereuseduntil1906whentheywerefinallyreplacedbymetalhoopswithbackboards.Afurtherchangewassoonmade,sotheballmerelypassedthrough,pavingthewayforthegameweknowtoday.Anassociationfootballwasusedtoshootbaskets.Wheneverapersongottheballinthebasket,histeamwouldgainapoint.Whicheverteamgotthemostpointswonthegame.Thebasketswereoriginallynailedtothemezzaninebalconyoftheplayingcourt,butthisprovedimpracticalwhenspectatorsonthebalconybegantointerferewithshots.Thebackboardwasintroducedtopreventthisinterference;ithadtheadditionaleffectofallowingreboundshots.,Howitsplayed,Theobjectofthegameistooutscoreonesopponentsbythrowingtheballthroughtheopponentsbasketfromabovewhilepreventingtheopponentsfromdoingsoontheirown.Anattempttoscoreinthiswayiscalledashot.Asuccessfulshotisworthtwopoints,orthreepointsifitistakenfrombeyondthethree-pointarchwhichis6.25meters(20ft6in)fromthebasketininternationalgamesand23feet9inches(7.24m)inNBAgames.Aone-pointshotcanbeearnedwhenshootingfromthefoullineafterafoulismade.Gamesareplayedinfourquartersof10(FIBA)or12minutes(NBA).Fifteenminutesareallowedforahalf-timebreakunderFIBA,NBA,andNCAArules.Overtimeperiodsarefiveminutesinlength.Teamsexchangebasketsforthesecondhalf.Thetimeallowedisactualplayingtime;theclockisstoppedwhiletheplayisnotactive.Therefore,gamesgenerallytakemuchlongertocompletethantheallottedgametime,typicallyabouttwohours.Fiveplayersfromeachteammaybeonthecourtatonetime.Substitutionsareunlimitedbutcanonlybedonewhenplayisstopped.Teamsalsohaveacoach,whooverseesthedevelopmentandstrategiesoftheteam,andotherteampersonnelsuchasassistantcoaches,managers,statisticians,doctorsandtrainers.Forbothmensandwomensteams,astandarduniformconsistsofapairofshortsandajerseywithaclearlyvisiblenumber,uniquewithintheteam,printedonboththefrontandback.Playerswearhigh-topsneakersthatprovideextraanklesupport.Typically,teamnames,playersnamesand,outsideofNorthAmerica,sponsorsareprintedontheuniforms.Alimitednumberoftime-outs,clockstoppagesrequestedbyacoach(orsometimesmandatedintheNBA)forashortmeetingwiththeplayers,areallowed.Theygenerallylastnolongerthanoneminute(100secondsintheNBA)unless,fortelevisedgames,acommercialbreakisneeded.Thegameiscontrolledbytheofficialsconsistingofthereferee(referredtoascrewchiefintheNBA),oneortwoumpires(referredtoasrefereesintheNBA)andthetableofficials.Forcollege,theNBA,andmanyhighschools,thereareatotalofthreerefereesonthecourt.Thetableofficialsareresponsibleforkeepingtrackofeachteamsscoring,timekeeping,individualandteamfouls,playersubstitutions,teampossessionarrow,andtheshotclock.,Positionsonit,pointguard:usuallythefastestplayerontheteam,organizestheteamsoffensebycontrollingtheballandmakingsurethatitgetstotherightplayerattherighttime.shootingguard:createsahighvolumeofshotsonoffense;guardstheopponentsbestperimeterplayerondefense.smallforward:oftenprimarilyresponsibleforscoringpointsviacutstothebasketanddribblepenetration;ondefenseseeksreboundsandsteals,butsometimesplaysmoreactively.powerforward:playsoffensivelyoftenwiththeirbacktothebasket;ondefense,playsunderthebasket(inazonedefense)oragainsttheopposingpowerforward(inman-to-mandefense).center:usesheightandsizetoscore(onoffense),toprotectthebasketclosely(ondefense),ortorebound.,InternationalBasketball,TheInternationalBasketballFederationwasformedin1932byeightfoundingnations:Argentina,Czechoslovakia,Greece,Italy,Latvia,Portugal,RomaniaandSwitzerland.Atthistime,theorganizationonlyoversawamateurplayers.Itsacronym,derivedfromtheFrenchFdrationInternationaledeBasketballAmateur,wasthusFIBA.MensBasketballwasfirstincludedintheBerlinOlympicGamesin1936,althoughademonstrationtournamentwasheldin1904.TheUnitedStatesdefeatedCanadainthefirstfinal,playedoutdoors.ThiscompetitionhasusuallybeendominatedbytheUnitedStates,whoseteamhaswonallbutthreetitles,thefirstlossinacontroversialfinalgameinMunichin1972againsttheSovietUnion.In1950thefirstFIBAWorldChampionshipformenwasheldinArgentina.Threeyearslater,thefirstFIBAWorldChampionshipforWomenwasheldinChile.WomensbasketballwasaddedtotheOlympicsin1976,whichwereheldinMontreal,CanadawithteamssuchastheSovietUnion,BrazilandAustraliarivalingtheAmericansquads.,TheAmerican“DreamTeam”,FIBAdroppedthedistinctionbetweenamateurandprofessionalplayersin1989,andin1992,professionalplayersplayedforthefirsttimeintheOlympicGames.TheUnitedStatesdominancecontinuedwiththeintroductionoftheirDreamTeam.However,withdevelopingprogramselsewhere,othernationalteamsstartedtobeattheUnitedStates.AteammadeentirelyofNBAplayersfinishedsixthinthe2002WorldChampionshipsinIndianapolis,behindYugoslavia,Argentina,Germany,NewZealandandSpain.Inthe2004AthensOlympics,theUnitedStatessuffereditsfirstOlympiclosswhileusingprofessionalplayers,fallingtoPuertoRico(ina19-pointloss)andLithuaniaingroupgames,andbeingeliminatedinthesemifinalsbyArgentina.IteventuallywonthebronzemedaldefeatingLithuania,finishingbehindArgentinaandItaly.In2006,intheWorldChampionshipofJapan,theUnitedStatesadvancedtothesemifinalsbutweredefeatedbyGreeceby10195.InthebronzemedalgameitbeatteamArgentinaandfinished3rdbehindGreeceandSpain.,Popularplayers,Thereare2bigacademiesofbasketball.TheEuropeanoneandtheAmericanonewhichareassosiatedwithbigteams.Frommycountry,Greece,thebestplayersthatweeverhadareGalis,Giannakis.InEurope,nowadays,onecanfindbigplayersfromSpainlikeP.Gasol,J.CNavvaro,fromGermanylikeDirkNowitzki,fromFranceTonyParker,fromTurkeyH.Turkoglu.TheseplayersarethebestinEuropeandthemostdemandedplayers,allofwhomplayintheNBA,thebestchampionshipintheworld!.AsTherearealsothealltimeLEGENDS,playersthatareknowninthewholeplanet.ThebestplayerofalltimeswasMichaelJordan.HeholdstheNBArecordforhighestcare