Unit+1-跨文化交际.ppt

Unit1,AnIntroduction,2,CONTENTS,1.Casestudy2.Terminology(术语)3.Barrierstoeffectiveinterculturalcommunication4.Strategiesforeffectiveinterculturalcommunication,CaseStudy,ExtendedReadingI:Question2Exampleone:attitudestowardfriendshipExampletwo:valuesconcerningfamilylifeCase1beliefofoldage,thewayofshowingconcernCase2ruleofpolitenessCase3goodmanners,Terminology,CultureCommunicationInterculturalcommunication,5,Definecultureyourself,Today,cultureisawordthatweoftenhear,readandeventalkof,suchasChineseculture,Englishculture,Teaculture,Campusculture,andsoon.Butwhenitcomestothemeaningofculture,itmaynotbeeasytogiveitasatisfactorydefinition.,Activity1,Workinpairanddiscussthefollowingquestions:1.Writeasimpledefinitionofculture.2.Compareyourdefinitionwithyourpartner.Notethesimilaritiesanddifferences.3.Whatarethecharacteristics(特征）ofculture?,7,LiangShuming,awell-knownChinesescholar,offersthreeaspectsofcultureinhisbookCulture(2)Sociallifesuchaslifestyles,socialorganizations,andpoliticalandeconomicrelation;(3)Spirituallifesuchasreligion,philosophy,valuesystems,scienceandart.,8,Theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively;Thecustoms,civilizationsandachievementofaparticulartimeorpeople;Improvementbymentalorphysicaltraining.,DefinedbyOxfordDictionary,wedefinecultureasthedeposit(沉淀)ofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,socialhierarchies(等级）,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelationships,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbythegroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.SamovarandPorter（2007:9）,10,Cultureisusuallyunderstoodinbothbroadsenseandnarrowsense.Culturecanbedefinedas“attributes（属性）ofman”initsbroadsense,includingwhatdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworld.Whencultureiscontrastedwithnature,itcanbedefinedas“lifewayofapopulation”initsnarrowsense,meaningwhatcharacterizestheparticularwayoflifeofapopulation.,Cultureinbroadsenseandnarrowsense,11,ElementsofCulture,Culture:anevasive（含糊的）concept,DifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeopleAnevasiveconceptdifficulttodefine.Over200definitionsofculturesofarEssenceofculture:CulturecanberegardedasanobservablepatternofbehaviorsharedbyagroupofpeopleCulturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.,Understandingculture,Understandingcultureisaboutbeingconsciousofwhatwedoeverydaywithouteventhinkingaboutit.Thekeytounderstandingcultureistherecognitionthatcultureistransmittedandmaintainedsolelythroughlearning,enculturation（同化）andgroupinteraction(Dwyer2005,p.33).,TheIcebergofculture,Whatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg,themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.,Iceberganalogy(类比)ofculture,Tip(externalculture):language,customs,typicalfood,dressacquiredthroughobservation,education/trainingeasilylearnedandcanbechanged.Underwater(internalculture):values,waysofthinkingandperceiving,non-verbalcommunicationOvertly（公开地）learned(formaleducation)orimplicitlylearnedthroughsocialisationinfluences/motivatesourbehaviour,Question,Whatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewaterwithinoroutofourconsciousness?-whatandhowpeopleeat-howtokeephealthy-howtoraisechildren-howtodobusiness,-howtousetime-howtointroducepeople-howtoparticipateinceremonies-rulesforgestures-rulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontact-rituals,etiquette-workspeed-Whatisrightorwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbad,etc.?-Theoriesofdisease,sin,death,godorgods,self,etc.Canyouaddmoretotheabovelist?,Examinethefollowingcasesandsummarizethecharacteristicsofculture:,1.Yourparentskissyouandyoulearnaboutkissingwhomtokiss,whentokiss,andsoon.2.Yourchildrenlaughatthesamejokesyoulaughat,whichyouheardfromyourparentsinyourownchildhood.3.YoureadChinesebooksortalkwithanAmericaninEnglish.,Thepopularskirtsindifferenttimes,CharacteristicsofCulture,1)Cultureisshared,Themembersofacultureshareasetofideals,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,andthissetofidealsiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondthemtogetherasaculture.,Actually,cultureisnotinnatesensibility,butalearnedcharacteristic.Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother,howtheydress,andtheritualstheyperform.Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity,theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions,takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity,formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture.,2)Cultureislearned,Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext,andfromonegenerationtothenext,asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheidealsoftheculturetoitsmembers.Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage,art,religionandmoney.,3)Cultureisbasedonsymbols.,Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic.Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.,4)Cultureischanging.,25,Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws,shiftsinvalues,naturaldisasters,wars,orcalamities.MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorcompaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren.Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange.,5）Cultureisadaptive,Activity2,Formgroupsofthreeorfourstudents.Workingalone,writedownfiverulesorconventionsyourfamilyfollowswheneatingamealtogether.Inonehousehold,thefiverulesmightbeasfollows:Setthetable.Turnoffthetelevision.Helpbringthefoodtothetable.Waituntileveryoneisseatedbeforestartingtoeat.Attheendofthemeal,thankwhoevercookedthemeal.,Activity2(cont.),Now,compareyourfamilysruleswiththoseinyourgroup.Whataredifferent?Whatarethesame?Howmanyofyourfamilymealrulesarebasedonyourfamilysownideasandhowmanyonwiderculturalexpectations(e.g.usingchopsticksvsusingspoons)?Spendsometimeinyourgroupdiscussinghowtheruleschangedependingonparticularcircumstances(e.g.whenaguestcomestodinner;whenafamilymemberhasabirthday;ontheweekend,etc.).,Theunspokenrules,Lifeismadeupofhundredsofunspokenexpectationsandwaysofbehaving.Evenwithinthesameethnicandlinguisticbackground,theculturewillbedistinctfromonefamilytoanother.Individualbehaviouralsodependsonthecontextandtheotherindividualswithwhomtheinteractionistakingplace.,Thesharedrules,UsechopsticksSharedishesGoodtablemanners,Conceptualisingcommunication,Communicationisaprocessinvolvingthetransmittingandinterpretingofmessages.contextcontactaddresser-message-addresseecode,Creationofmeaning,Thechannelusedtotransmitthemessageinfluenceshowweinterpretthemeaning.Forexample:face-to-facetelephonecomputer-mediated(e.g.email,Internet)handwrittenmessage.Thecontextalsoinfluencestheinterpretationofthemessage(e.g.work,home,school)andissuesofpoweraffecttheinterpretationofamessage.,Interculturalcommunication,Samovaret.al.(2008:48)giveadefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationas“communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.”Tobesimple,itiscommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.,InterculturalCommunication,Interculturalcommunicationistheprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundleadsthemtointerpretverbalandnonverbalsignsdifferently.,34,InterculturalCommunicationmeansthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.,TheFifty-sixEthnicGroupsinChina,35,WemainlyfocusonthecommunicationorexchangeordifferencesbetweentheChineseandtheWesterners.,36,TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople,SavingFace,Hardworking,Formal,37,TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople,Insensitivetotime,Tendingtomisunderstand,Beatingaboutthebush,38,TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople,Neverkissedparents,Shanzaieverywhere,39,TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners,Kissandhuganytimeandanywhere,GoingDutch,40,TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners,Beingpunctual,Mindyourownbusiness,Toofrank,Thebarrierstoeffectiveinterculturalcommunication,EthnocentrismStereotypesPrejudice,Ethnocentrism(民族优越感),Thebeliefinthesuperiorityofonesownculture(Guffey2001,p.12)JudgingothersbyonesownvaluesOftenresultsinstereotypes,Stereotypes(模式化的见解),Stereotypesaretheperceptionsorbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonpreviouslyformedopinionsandattitudes(SamovarandPorter,1991,p.280),Stereotypes,“HeaveniswherethepoliceareEnglish,thecooksareFrench,themechanicsareGerman,theloversareItalianandeverythingisorganizedbytheSwiss.HelliswherethepoliceareGerman,thecooksareEnglish,themechanicsareFrench,theloversareSwiss,andeverythingisorganizedbytheItalians.”,Role-play:P.20Case5Differentattitudestowardaflyinabeer,FromMitchell,2000German:TheGermansareusuallyseenasrigid,somewhathumorlessandobsessedwithorderandformality.Asmiledoesnotcomeeasilyandbusinessistakenseriously.Theyareparticularlyfocusedondetail.,AmericanBrash,materialistic.Acowboyculturewhereindividualsareobsessedwithtimeanddeadlines.Asocietyplaguedbycrimeandviolence.,JapaneseVerygroup-oriented.Quiet,shy,reservedandhighlyrespectfulofstatusandposition.Negotiatesingroupsorteamsandavoidscriticismofpartnersandproposals.Japanesewillworktheirwholecareeratasinglecompany.,ChineseLiketheJapanese,theyalwaysseemtotravelingroups.Theyarequiet,reservedandneverlosetheirtemper.Butattimestheyseemchaoticandunfocused.,Stereotypes,Oversimplifiedbehaviouralpatternsappliedtoentiregroupse.g.allAustraliansdrinkbeerFixedanddistortedgeneralisationsaboutallmembersofagroupIgnoreindividualdifferencesandspecificsofthepersonorthesituationSupportunderlyingprejudicesorbiasesSupportasuperiority/inferioritybeliefsystemUsedtojustifyunfairdifferentialtreatmentLearntthroughsocialisationandoftenreinforcedorperpetuated(使人记住不忘)bythemedia,傻瓜，一般说的是陕西话；骗子，一般说的是河南话；暴发户，一定是广东话；土包子，一般讲的是东北话。至于融大气、智慧与根正苗红于一身的正面人物，一定是在讲普通话。春晚早已结束了，但关于它的争论却远未停止。日前一位广东政协委员就义正词严地指出，小品北京欢迎你丑化了广东人。（摘自羊城晚报2009年2月24日B4版，“说法”栏目）,Prejudice,Prejudiceinvolvesanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Anexampleofprejudicewouldbetheattitudethatwomenshouldnotbeinpositionsofpowerbecausetheyarenotaslogicalorcompetentasmen(Plotnic&Mollenauer,1996,p.565),GroupDiscussion,Doyousometimeshaveconflictswithyourroommatesorclassmates?Ifyes,whatarethereasonsandhowdoyouresolvethem?Ifnot,howdoyouavoidthem?,Strategiesforeffectiveinterculturalcommunication,InterculturalawarenessOvercomeethnocentrismCommunicateacrosscultures,Inter-culturalawareness,Theawarenesstounderstandculturesourownandothersbymeansofobjective,non-judgmentalcomparisonsAnappreciationforandanunderstandingofculturalpluralism(多元文化),OvercomeEthnocentrism,Acknowledgeandacceptdistinctions.Dontignoredifferencesbetweenanotherpersonscultureandyourown.Avoidassumptions.Dontassumethatotherswillactthesamewayyoudo,thattheywilloperatefromthesameassumptions,orthattheywilluselanguageandsymbolsthesamewayyoudo.Avoidjudgments.Whenpeopleactdifferently,dontconcludethattheyareinerror,thattheirwayisinvalid,orthattheircustomsareinferiortoyourown.,CommunicatingAcrossCultures,StudyOtherCultures,OvercomeLanguageBarriers,DevelopSkillsinCommunication,EnglishasaSecondLanguage,ForeignLanguage,SpeakingSkills,WritingSkills,SocialCustoms,BusinessProtocols,StudyOtherCultures,AssumedifferencesTakeresponsibilityWithholdjudgmentShowrespectEmpathize(understand)Tolerateambiguity,StudyOtherCultures,Lookbeyondthesuperficial.Dontbedistractedbythingssuchasdress,appearance,orenvironmentaldiscomforts.Bepatientandpersistent.Ifyouwanttocommunicatewithsomeonefromanotherculture,dontgiveupeasily.Recognizeyourownculturalbiases.Learntoidentifywhenyourassumptionsaredifferentfromtheotherpersons.Beflexible.Bepreparedtochangeyourhabitsandattitudeswhencommunicatingwithsomeonefromanotherculture.,PrenticeHall,2005,Chapter3-60,StudyOtherCultures,Emphasizecommonground.Lookforsimilaritiestoworkfrom.Sendclearmessages.Makebothyourverbalandnonverbalsignalsclearandconsistent.Dealwiththeindividual.Communicatewitheachpersonasanindividual,notasastereotypicalrepresentativeofanothergroup.Learnwhentobedirect.Investigateeachculturesothatyoullknowwhentosendyourmessageinastraightforwardmannerandwhentobeindirect.Treatyourinterpretationasaworkinghypothesis.Onceyouthinkyouunderstandaforeignculture,carefullyassessthefeedbackprovidedbyrecipientsofyourcommunicationtoseeifitconfirmsyou