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Toll-LikeReceptors(TLR),Toll-LikeReceptorSignaling,TollreceptorinitiallydiscoveredinDrosophilaasimportantreceptorindorso-ventralembryonicpatternTollmutantsreferstothefactthatthesemutantscouldnotestablishaproperdorsal-ventralaxisTollinGermanmeansgreat,apparentlythiswasoneofthewordsdescribingthescientistsenthusiasmafterobservingthemutantfliesHoffmanandcolleaguesshowedthatToll-mutantfliessusceptibletofungalinfectionsMammalianhomologuesdiscoveredanddesignatedasToll-LikeReceptors(TLR)TLRsrecognizespecificpatternsinpathogenswhicharenotobservedinmammals,Toll-LikeReceptors,Toll-LikeReceptors,LargemoleculesfoundinoutermembraneofGram-negativebacteriaComprisedofalipidandsaccharidecomponentHighlyimmunogenicRecognizedbyTLR4CancausesepticshockandleadtodeathOftenreferredtoasEndotoxinsinceitisnotsecretedbutisabyproductofbacteriallysisGreatvariabilityamongdifferentbacterialstrains,LipoPolySaccharides(LPS),TLR3,TLR7andTLR8detectviralnucleicacidsFoundinintracellularmembranessinceviralnucleicacidsareendogenouslygeneratedNotetheTIRdomainsoftheseTLRsfacethecytosolofthecellPolyI:CisanagonistforTLR3thatmimicsbindingofdsRNAtoTLR3,ViralNucleicAcids,CytoplasmictailsofTLRsshowsimilaritiestoIL-1receptor(TIR)CommonadaptortoTLRsisMyD88CrucialprolineresidueinallTLRTIRdomains,exceptTLR3Ifsubstitutedwithhistidine,nosignalingoccursAllTLRslikelyhaveaMyD88pathway(TLR3isanexception)TLR4hasaMyD88independentpathwayaswell,TLRsandTIRDomain,MyD88knockoutmicehavenoresponsetoLPSMyD88isessentialtoallinflammatorysignalingpathwaysMyD88s,asplicevariantofMyD88downregulatestheinflammatoryresponseMyD88interactswithTIRdomainofTLRandrecruitsIRAK-4,IRAK-1andTRAF-6,MyD88Adaptor,4IRAKsknown,IRAK1,IRAK-2,IRAK-MandIRAK-4IRAKareserine/threoninekinasesIRAK-4phosphorylatesIRAK-1IRAK-MplaysaninhibitoryroleinTLRsignalingIRAK-4phosphorylatesIRAK-1TRAF6isamemberoftheTNFreceptorassociatedfactor(TRAF)familyTRAF6interactswithIRAK-1andgetsactivatedReleaseofTRAF6/IRAK-1ensues,IRAKandTRAF6,TRAF6/IRAK-1complexassociateswith3proteinsTAK1(TGF-Bactivatedkinase)TAB1(TAK1bindingproteins)TAB2(TAK1bindingproteins)LargecomplexassociateswithmembraneEventuallyIRAK-1staysinmembranewhileTRAF6/TAK1/TAB1/TAB2movetocytosolE2LigasessuchasUbc13andUev1Ajoinfurtherenlargingcomplex,IRAKandTRAF6Release,TAK-1Activation,TheenlargedcomplexthatincludesTRAF6,TAK1,TAB1,TAB2,Ubc13,Uev1AactivateTAK1ActivatedTAK1phosphorylatesIKKcomplexActivatedTAK1canalsophosphorylateMAPKinasesIKKcomplexconsistsofIKK,and/NEMOIBphosphorylationresultsinNF-Btranslocationtonucleus,MyD88IndependentPathway,MyD88KnockoutmicedonotproduceinflammatorycytokinessuchasTNF-HoweverwithTLR4stimulationNF-BandJNKdelayedactivityoccursThisstronglysuggeststheexistenceof2pathwaysinTLRsignalingaMyD88dependentpathway(early)aMyD88independentpathway

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