The-black-death..ppt

,AHorribleDisease-TheBlackDeath,Globalterrorinthe14thCentury,Theblackdeathwasoneofthemostdevastatingeventsinhumanhistory.ItwasaplaguewhichspreadlikefirethroughoutEuropeandEnglandbetween1348and1350.IthasbeenconclusivelyproventhatfromanalysisofDNAfromplaguevictimsthatitwascausedbybacteria.,Thebacterium,ThisbacteriastartedinChina,travelledalongtheSilkRoadandreachedtheCrimeainRussiain1346.ItwascarriedfurtherfromRussiabyratfleas(跳蚤)livingontheblackratswholivedonmerchantships.Theblackdeathisestimatedtohavekilledbetween50and60percentofthepopulationofEurope.,Theratflea,Thebackground,Thedeadlyplaguebetween1348and1349,commonlycalledtheBlackDeath,addedtothehorrorsoftheHundredYearsWar.Asaresult,certainlandswerenolongerofanyvaluetothelordswhocouldnotfindenoughtenantstotillthem.Manpowerbecamemoreimportantforthelackofit.,BattleofCrcy,AseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFrancefrom1337to1453thatresultedinthefinalexpulsionoftheEnglishfromallFrenchterritoriesexceptCalais.Itisthelongestwarintheworld.Duringthisperiod,manynewtacticsandweaponshavedevelopedquickly.,TheHundredYearsWar,Theaftermathoftheplaguecreatedaseriesofreligious,socialandeconomicupheavalswhichhadmajoreffectsonEuropeanhistory.IttookEuropespopulation150yearstorecover.InthefollowingcenturiestheplaguereturnedfromtimetotimekillingmorepeopleuntilitdisappearedfromEuropeattheendofthe19thCentury.,Thedanceofdeath,Eat,drinkandbemerryfortomorrowwemaydie.,AseriousoutbreakoftheplagueoccurredinChinainthe1890s.InEuropetheplaguecausedmajorproblemstotheChurchandminoritiessuchasjewsTheuncertaintyofsurvivalcausedageneralfeelingofmorbidityinfluencingpeopletolivejustforthemoment.InOctober2010medicalspecialistsconfirmedtheplagueoriginatedinYunnanProvinceinsouthwestChina.,devastation,TheplaguereachedtheislandofScicilyinItalyanditthenrapidlyspreadthroughoutEurope,reachingEnglandinJune1848.Contemporaryaccountsoftheplagueareimprecise.Themostcommonsymptomwastheappearanceofbuboesinthegroin,theneckandthearmpitswhichoozedpussandbledwhenopened.Theappearanceofbuboeswasfollowedbyacutefeverandvomitingwithblood.Mostvictimsdiedwithintwotosevendaysfobeinginfected.,Theplaguedoctor,Almostunbelievably,medicalknowledgehaddeclinedinthe14thCentury.TheFrenchbelievedthataconjunctionofthreeplanetscausedtheairtobecomeinfected.Theimportanceofhygienewasonlyrecognisedinthe19thCentury.Livingconditionswerebad.Thestreetsweredirty.Peopleandanimalslivedtogetherandmixedtogetherveryfreely.Itisobviousthatanydiseasewillspreadintheseconditions.,Blamethejews.,Themodernplaguehasahighmortalityrateincludingfeverof38to41degreescentigradeandunlesstreatedbyanti-bioticstheplaguewillkill.Symptomsincludepurplepatchesontheskin.Nobodyinthe14thCenturyknewwhatcausedtheplague.Thejewsareligiousminoritywereaccusedofpoisoningwellsfromwherepeopleobtaineddrinkingwater.Sadly,manyjewishpeopleweremurderedasaconsequence.,BlackDeathJewishpersecutions,RenewedreligiousfervorandfanaticismbloomedinthewakeoftheBlackDeath.SomeEuropeanstargetedvariousgroupssuchasJews,friars,foreigners,beggars,pilgrims,lepersandRomani,thinkingthattheyweretoblameforthecrisis.Lepers,andotherindividualswithskindiseasessuchasacneorpsoriasis,weresingledoutandexterminatedthroughoutEurope.,ThereweremanyattacksagainstJewishcommunities.InAugust1349,theJewishcommunitiesofMainzandColognewereexterminated.InFebruaryofthatsameyear,thecitizensofStrasbourgmurdered2,000Jews.By1351,60majorand150smallerJewishcommunitiesweredestroyed.,.,Social,environmental,andeconomiceffects,Part1,Impactonpeasants,Part2,Impactonurbanworkers,Part3,ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath,Part4,Religion,Social,environmental,andeconomiceffects,In1337,ontheeveofthefirstwaveoftheBlackDeath,EnglandandFrancewenttowarinwhatwouldbecomeknownastheHundredYearsWar.Malnutrition,poverty,diseaseandhunger,coupledwithwar,growinginflationandothereconomicconcernsmadeEuropeinthemid-fourteenthcenturyripefortragedy.,Impactonpeasants,ThegreatpopulationlossbroughtfavourableresultstothesurvivingpeasantsinEnglandandWesternEurope.Therewasincreasedsocialmobility,asdepopulationfurthererodedthepeasantsalreadyweakenedobligationstoremainontheirtraditionalholdings.Feudalismneverrecovered.Landwasplentiful,wageshigh,andserfdomhadallbutdisappeared.Itwaspossibletomoveaboutandrisehigherinlife.Youngersonsandwomenespeciallybenefited.Furthermore,theplaguesgreatpopulationreductionbroughtcheaperlandprices,morefoodfortheaveragepeasant,andarelativelylargeincreaseinpercapitaincomeamongthepeasantry,Impactonurbanworkers,Inthewakeofthedrasticpopulationdeclinebroughtonbytheplague,wagesshotupandlaborerscouldmovetonewlocalitiesinresponsetowageoffers.LocalandroyalauthoritiesinWesternEuropeinstitutedwagecontrols.ThesegovernmentalcontrolssoughttofreezewagesastheoldlevelsbeforetheBlackDeath.,Religion,Therewasasignificantimpactonreligion,asmanybelievedtheplaguewasGodspunishmentforsinfulways.Flagellantspracticedself-flogging(whippingofoneself)toatoneforsins.ThemovementbecamepopularaftertheBlackDeath.Itmaybethattheflagellantslaterinvolvementin