国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析ppt课件

国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,1,国际工程项目变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,中信建设公司田威,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,2,一、国际工程项目上，承包商与业主相互间的责权利靠什么维系及制约？,所有谈判达成一致的东西最终都会归结到法律层面上，也就是要签订合同（putitBlackandWhite）。合同靠什么支撑？法律基础的重要性商业是建立在两条铁轨上向前跑之说。签个MOU对双方有法律制约力吗？律师的问题及建议：你想让它成了以后不能改变，还是想着签约后仍有跑掉的机会？当然，这个机会对双方均等！商业决策，法律保障。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,3,二、合同的法律基础,普通法CommonLawvsLawofEnglandandWales崇尚合同的自由约定原则（IwilldoXifyouwilldoY），通常不会为保障公平或已签合约中不利一方的利益而干预合同，因此很难以显失公允为理由去修改或删除已经签订的文字约定，因为英国法律不保护不公平交易下的合同不利一方。其商法极为发达。衡平法则（RulesofEquity）典型案例Mortgage抵押贷款（借60抵押100房产罚息按6%x2年=12%最终退还1006060 x12%=32.8）大陆法ContinentalLawvsNapoleonicCode法典倾向于干涉不公平合同，并会为保护不公平合约中欠获公允对待一方的利益而对原合同进行修改，甚至认定所签订的不公平合同为无效合同（可能会出现SurpriseAward）。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,4,三、国际工程项目管理的原则,“承包商工作/干活/履约得到支付，业主付款获得工程”。99版FIDIC第14款/77版和87版第60款的重要性（within的含义），见下页分析。案例（30%当地币经常拖延，怎么办？）,TheContractorgetspaidfortheworkheperformsandtheEmployergetstheworkheispayingfor.价责对筹,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,5,Clause14（ContractPriceandPayment）99版FIDIC为例,14.3TheContractorshallsubmitaStatementinsixcopiestotheEngineeraftertheendofeachmonth（也有规定最小验工计价金额的情形）14.6NoamountwillbecertifiedorpaiduntiltheEmployerhasreceivedandapprovedthePerformanceSecurity.Thereafter,theEngineershallwithin28daysafterreceivingaStatementandsupportingdocuments,issuetotheEmployeranInterimPaymentCertificatewhichshallstatetheamountwhichtheEngineerfairlydeterminestobedue,withsupportingparticulars.14.7TheEmployershallpaytotheContractor(b)TheamountcertifiedineachInterimPaymentCertificatewithin56daysaftertheEmployerreceivesthisPaymentCertificate.分析：HK45daysvs87版也是56天vs77版30+30天;如果SCC改成withinareasonabletime？哪个好？,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,6,四、咨询工程师在合同中是何法律地位？,承包商与咨询工程师并无直接的合同关系，但普通法认定双方存在着一种“特殊关系”，因为承包商履约的前提是必须相信咨询工程师所提供的信息并按其指令行事，所以得到了侵权行为法（TheLawofTort）的保护。咨询工程师签认的验工计价单在法律上有效否？案例。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,7,五、波纹理论（TheRippleTheory）及其适用性,99版FIDIC第19款里正式使用了ForceMajeure的说法。在77/87版中，当发生ForceMajeure（但条款里的表述用词是forceofnature,Clause20.4,anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions）后，与一般的贸易合同处理原则不同，不是各自分担，而是划到了业主违约的范畴里面（Clause20,Clause65,Clause69）。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,8,六、怎么看“低价拿标，靠索赔赚钱”的说法,1）从理论上分析（数学推算）：（10DaysMBA）“低价”的本质就是削减利润，那么原来是25%的毛利，假设现在降到了15%，则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%？（25%-15%）/15%=10%/15%=0.667如果降到12.5%，则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%？（25%-12.5%）/12.5%=12.5%/12.5%=1，即再多做一个如果降到5%，则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%？（25%-5%）/5=20%/5%=4如果降到1%，则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%？（25%-1%）/1%=24%/1%=24!?第一个问题：值吗？无法消灭对手的有生力量vs自残（倾向）第二个问题：深层次上，对于多做的0.667、1、4、24个，如何看待时间跨度的延长、风险出现的或然率等多因素影响（vsSloganManagement）？结论：价格竞争是下下策，只能是最后的选择！价格战多数没好结果。2）从实践上探讨：后面将分析两个案例,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,9,七、承包商创收的三大支柱,要特别注意可操作性。1)变更令（V.O）（第51款和第52款/99版第13款）;2)调价公式（第70款/99版第13.8款；银皮书第13.8款，但EPC项目业主通常以是总价合同为理由而删掉）；3)索赔（77版第52.5款/87版第53款/99版第20.1款；银皮书第20.1款，但比红皮书来得难很多）vs反索赔。MajorClaim10%20%（分水岭），案例（煤矿透水），您自己怎么决策？,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,10,八、变更令（V.O.）,Clause52（Variations）TheEngineershallmakeanyvariationoftheform,qualityorquantityoftheWorksoranypartthereofthatmay,inhisopinion,benecessaryandforthatpurpose,orifforanyotherreasonitshall,inhisopinion（vsattheEngineersDiscretion）,beappropriate,heshallhavetheauthoritytoinstructtheContractortodoandTheContractorshallnotmakeanysuchvariationwithoutaninstructionoftheEngineer.变更令工作量增减10%vs15%，对合同有效金额而言（扣除PS项及点工），调整单价；索赔在77版FIDIC中是作为V.O.的子项在描述。案例，SNV修小桥,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,11,九、调价公式（两大戏剧性变化因素之一）,调价公式的通式：其中X=0.15左右（世界银行的项目取此值），该值通常与预付款的比例相等，现实含义就是业主已给出的预付款部分不适用调价公式，i.e.若预付款是15%，则只有85%可以进行调价。对于承包商：X越小越好（参与调价的百分比越大）a,b,c,n为加权系数，即各项调价的成本因子（比重），常数约束条件为X+a+b+c+n=1公式中的价格调整因子，L,E,M,W，变量vs初始值在验工计价单中，预付款是先扣除后再进行调价，还是先调价后再扣除？（涉及到调价金额的30%左右）案例（第60.1款规定优先次序：H核算调价，J扣除保留金，K扣还预付款计25%；第60.11款预付款扣还比例为每次验工计价总款之25%.）参见FIDIC合同条件应用实务（第二版）pp.134143（价格调整）,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,12,十、分析一个索赔成功案例,Naubise-MalekuHighwayReconstructionProject项目背景世界银行贷款项目，981万美元，强制使用国际通用的FIDIC合同Quiz（成本、工期、索赔）结局咨询工程师准仲裁国际仲裁友好解决索赔清单（TermsofReference/ListofReference）补偿金额：443万美元（构成：173万美元+2,100万人民币+11万美元/尼卢比）占到合同额981万的45.16%,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,13,十一、涉及到的主要条款Clause12（AdversePhysicalObstructionsorConditions）,If,however,duringtheexecutionoftheWorkstheContractorencountersphysicalobstructionsorphysicalconditions,otherthanclimaticconditionsontheSite,whichobstructionsorconditionswere,inhisopinion,notforeseeablebyanexperiencedcontractor,theContractorshallforthwithgivenoticethereoftotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer.Cond,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,14,（续）,Onreceiptofsuchnotice,theEngineershall,ifinhisopinionsuchobstructionsorconditionscouldnothavebeenreasonablyforeseenbyanexperiencedcontractor,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determine:anyextensionoftimeunderClause44,andtheamountofanycostwhichmayhavebeenincurredbytheContractor,whichshallbeaddedtotheContractPrice.（这句话导致投标时的一次性降价对承包商永远适用；问题：包括索赔金额吗？案例，443万544万x（1-18.5%）andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,15,Clause13（WorktobeinAccordancewithContract）,Unless（77版表述为Insofaras）itislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,theContractorshallexecuteandcompletetheWorksandremedyanydefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththeContract,tothesatisfactionoftheEngineer.（略）要反回来理解该条款的两大前置限定（ConditionsPrecedent）：（1）Legalimpossibility（2）Physicalimpossibility然后，才能去谈承包商按照合同履约。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,16,Clause20（CareofWorks）,20.3(LossorDamageDuetoEmployersRisks)IntheeventofanysuchlossordamagehappeningfromanyoftherisksdefinedinSub-Clause20.4,orincombinationwithotherrisks,theContractorshall,ifandtotheextentrequirebytheEngineer,rectifythelossordamageandtheEngineershalldetermineanadditiontotheContractpriceinaccordancewithClause52andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.（略）20.4(EmployersRisks)TheEmployersrisksare:war,hostilities(whetherwardeclaredornot)commotionordisorder,unlesssolelyrestrictedtoemployeesoftheContractororofhisSubcontractorsanyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions（77版表述为foreseen）.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,17,Clause40.3（Suspensionlastingmorethan84Days）,IftheprogressoftheworksoranypartthereofissuspendedonthewritteninstructionsoftheEngineerandifpermissiontoresumeworkisnotgivenbytheEngineerwithina84daysfromthedateofsuspensionthen,.theContractormaygivenoticetotheEngineerrequiringpermission,within28daystoproceedwiththeWorksorthatpartthereofinregardtowhichprogressissuspended.Cond注：77版FIDIC为90+28天,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,18,（续）,Ifwithinthesaidtime,suchpermissionisnotgranted,theContractormay,butisnotboundto,electtotreatthesuspension,whereitaffectspartonlyoftheWorks,asanomissionofsuchpartunderClause51(Alternations,AdditionsandOmissions)bygivingafurthernoticetotheEngineertothateffect,orwhereitaffectsthewholeoftheWorks,treatthesuspensionasaneventofdefault（77版表述为abandonmentoftheContract）bytheEmployerandterminatehisemploymentundertheContractinaccordancewithClause69(DefaultofEmployer),国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,19,十二、Omissions属于Clause51(Alternations,AdditionsandOmissions)的范畴，余下的工作量都是V.O.（道路维修）,Omissions后余下的工作量都用英国点工计价。有经验的承包商项目经理高频率使用的重要文件（之一）vs英国咨询工程师的思维方式。应用到VO中的技巧，案例。99版第13.5款（PS，备用金）和第13.6款（Daywork）/77版和87版第52.4款（Daywork）和第58款（PS）的实用性。EOTvsoverheadcompensation用于报价分析，作为参考数据之一。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,20,Clause52.5，77版FIDIC,87版FIDIC为第53款（ProcedureforClaims）99版FIDIC为20款（Claim，DisputesandArbitration）直接费（工费、料费、机械折旧或机械闲置费）间接费赶工费延期管理费（参考英国点工计费标准）资金回收（Recapitalization）利息整理索赔而发生的费用（ShangWan拿回了）,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,21,Clause65（SpecialRisks）,TheContractorshallbeundernoliabilitywhatsoeverinconsequenceofanyofthespecialrisksreferredtoinSub-Clause65.2,whetherbywayofindemnityorotherwise65.2SpecialRisksare(a)therisksdefinedunderparagraphs(a),(c),(d)and(e)ofSub-Clause20.4and(b)therisksdefinedunderparagraph(b)ofSub-Clause20.4insofarastheserelatetothecountryinwhichtheWorksaretobeexecuted.结论：特殊风险（第20款）业主风险（第65款）,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,22,Clause65.5（IncreasedCostsarisingfromSpecialRisks）,SavetotheextentthattheContractorisentitledtopaymentunderanyotherprovisionoftheContract,theEmployershallrepaytotheContractoranycostsoftheexecutionoftheWorks(otherthansuchasmaybeattributabletothecostofreconstructingworkcondemnedundertheprovisionofClause39(DefaultofContractorinCompliance)priortotheoccurrenceofanyspecialrisks)whicharehowsoeverattributabletoorinconsequentonortheresultoforinanywaywhatsoeverconnectedwiththespecialrisks,.Cond,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,23,（续）,theContractorshall,assoonasanysuchcostcomestohisknowledge,forthwithnotifytheEngineerthereof.TheEngineershall,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determinetheamountoftheContractorscostsinrespectthereofwhichshallbeaddedtotheContractPriceandshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,24,Clause66（ReleasefromPerformance）77版FIDIC小标题为Frustration,IfanycircumstanceoutsidethecontrolofbothpartiesarisesaftertheissueoftheLetterofAcceptancewhichrendersitimpossible（指physical）orunlawful（指legal）foreitherpartytofulfillhiscontractualobligations,orunderthelawgoverningtheContractthepartiesarereleased（frustrated，77版FIDIC）fromfurtherperformance,thenthesumpayablebytheEmployertotheContractorinrespectoftheworkexecutedshallbethesameasthatwhichwouldhavebeenpayableunderClause65(andClause69，77版FIDIC)iftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,25,Clause67（SettlementofDisputes）,90+28天内（within）仲裁（77版）84+56天当天或之后（onorafter）（友好解决）仲裁（87版）DRB（92版）vsDAB（99版）；Mediation/Reconciliation（ADR）；Abrahamson信的主要内容：双方都蒙受损失，出面协调，互为妥协，愿当律师！和解问题：友好解决争端与仲裁的前后置？案例（Pakistan供货商与分包商的争端解决）,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,26,十三、国际仲裁,逆编者释义原则（ContraProferentumRule）。99版第20款/77版和87版第67款（仲裁与重大索赔的关系），银皮书第20款（“索赔、争端和仲裁”，与99版红皮书思路相同）。仲裁规则，ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等。仲裁地点vsApplicableLaw仲裁员vs律师。律师的收费与你的选择（转变观念！价格与价值）小时收费+SuccessFee+RetainerScheme。仲裁可能出现的多种结局。案例(AustinRoad,1亿vs9,500万vs80万，JV股份50%:50%的问题）。不得再诉讼的仲裁条款（附后供参考，案例）。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,27,Clause20（Claims,DisputesandArbitration）（基于国际通用的FIDIC合同）20.6(d)ArbitrationAlldisputesarisingoutoforinconnectionwiththeContractanditsattachmentsasdefinedintheClause2oftheSpecialConditionsofContractshallbefinallysettledundertherulesofarbitrationofInternationalChamberofCommercebythreearbitratorsappointedinaccordancewiththesaidrules.ThelocationofarbitrationshallbeinBern,Switzerland.FortheavoidanceofdoubtitisconfirmedthatthedecisionofthearbitratorsshallbefinalandbindingandneitherPartyshallhaveanyrighttoappealfromanydecisionofthearbitratorstoanyCourtinordertoreviewanydecisionofthearbitrators.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,28,鉴于仲裁耗时较长（统计显示平均一年半），有经验的承包商通常加入如下补充：,(e)FastTrackArbitrationThePartiesagreetocooperatetoprocureaspeedyconclusionoftheArbitrationadopting“FastTrack”principlesandagreethattheSix(6)monthdeadlineinArticle24(1)fortheissuancebytheTribunalofitsAward（完成全部举证并获签认后）shallbereducedtoFour(4)monthsandtheywishthatitshouldonlybeextendedinexceptionalcircumstances.TothisendthePartiesagreethattheperiodinArticle5(1)（AnswertotheRequest/Counterclaims,原文为30天内）oftheICCRulesshallbereducedtowithinFifteen(15)days,thattheperiodinArticle18(2)（TermofReference/ProceduralTimetable,原文为两个月内）forestablishingtermsofreferenceshallbereducedtowithinOne(1)month.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,29,Clause69（DefaultofEmployer）,IntheeventoftheEmployer:(a)failingtopaytheContractortheamountdueunderanycertificateoftheEngineeraftertheexpiringofthetimestatedinSub-Clause60.10withinwhichpaymentistobemade(b)interferingorobstructingor(c)becomebankrupt(d)givingnoticetotheContractoritisimpossibleforhimtomeethiscontractualobligations.TheContractorshallbeentitledtoterminatehisemploymentundertheContracttheEmployershallbeunderthesameobligationstotheContractorinregardtopaymentasiftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65theEmployershallpaytotheContractortheamountofanylossordamagetotheContractorarisingoutoforinconnectionwithorbyconsequenceofsuchtermination.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,30,十四、记录索赔的时限,典型条款Clause53(ProcedureforClaims)，87版FIDIC为例53.1NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheContract,iftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpaymentpursuanttoanyClauseoftheseConditionsorotherwise,heshallgivenoticeofhisintentiontotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer,within28daysaftertheeventgivingrisetotheclaimhasfirstarisen.索赔很重要！如何书面记录索赔，又不激怒对方？ClaimdemandonesdueBaggageClaimLuggageReclaimwordinghavesufferedloss,financialcompensationExGratiaPayment,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,31,十五、索赔与反索赔索赔时证据的严肃性,索赔过程十分注重evidence,substantiation,verification。因此，alotofpaperwork。Clause53.3（SubstantiationofClaims）Within28days,orsuchotherreasonabletimeasmaybeagreedbytheEngineer,theContractorshallsendtotheEngineeranaccountgivingdetailedparticularsoftheamountclaimedandthegroundsuponwhichtheclaimisbasedTheContractorshall,ifrequiredbytheEngineersotodo,copytotheEmployerallaccountssenttotheEngineerpursuanttothisSub-Clause.IBARulesontheTakingofEvidenceinInternationalArbitration(29May2010),国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,32,索赔（仲裁）涉及到两大问题,法律问题（IssueofLaw）靠律师事实问题（IssueofFact）靠自己证据（Evidence）可找出事实（Fact），但证据和事实与真相（Truth）没有关系。在提供不了任何证据的情况下，有责任举证的一方会败诉。一种现象：仲裁庭总是相信证据文件多的一方留好证据文件是最基础的索赔管理。证据的提供在国际仲裁中十分重要，务求要比对手握有更多或稍多的有力证据，如果做不到，就必须抓住一纵即逝的和解机会。形成、保留与搜集证据可能是一个耗时及昂贵的过程（例如聘用翻译vs有双语工作能力的专业人员），因为怕花钱或费事而忽略证据工作，最终会导致仲裁（索赔）的失败。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,33,案例11万美元/尼卢比的repatriationfeesvsevidence,要证明事实与条款相符（FaitAccompli），螺丝螺母咬合原则。奥地利经济学家FriedrichA.vonHayek（诺贝尔经济学奖得主）说：“从好人假设出发，只会设计出坏制度；从坏人假设出发，才会设计出好制度”。因此，需要假设人人都坏的好制度。英国人也有类似的说法。成败源于细节vswaxseal，案例，HansRijiniveld。勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,34,十六、文字交往为准,石油大亨DavidRockfeller的故事（借款US$500无收据vsUS$1,000vs一个月(你期望对方的还款时间)vs更正反驳）口头指令转变为书面指令，FIDIC合同77版和87版最长都是7天+7天=14天（最短？天），对承包商自我保护的现实意义。99年版第3.3款用instruction：更缩短为2天+2天=4天（最短？天）。银皮书第1.3款和第3.4款，但取消了定量规定，对承包商欠公平！法律上对一天的定义。拒绝签收vs证据获取vs条款保障。,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,35,十七、再分析一个索赔成功案例,项目背景私人项目ShangWan，合同额6,200万港币，ICE合同的香港版（pro-Employer）房地产调控“800套政策”+亚洲金融危机2,256万港币索赔（36.4%）+(382万港币律师+91万仲裁庭）法律费用（7.6%）plus1,561万应付验工计价款（25%，本该得的）/采取财产保全措施。我写过一封信，希望1,600万港币（其中1,561万为应付验工计价款）友好解决，只比合同总价多了0.6%。对冲前的数，结果是（-784+3,040）2,256+1,561+382+91共实际拿回4,290万港币（69%）仲裁裁决：ThetimeforcompletionoftheWorkswassetatlarge.仲裁结果出来后再起事端：诉讼公关,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,36,FinalAwardofArbitration（Excerpt）,TIMEATLARGEvsThefugitiveisatlarge逍遥法外IFINDasaFACTthatareasonabletimeforcompletionoftheWorksis24thJune1998（原合同工期：1996年5月23日1997年5月22日,顺延了13个月）theContractorisentitledtorelyontheeffectsofnon-paymentandlatepaymentofInterimPayment.Asnotedabove,theevidenceofPeterYaudemonstratethatthefinishingtradeswereaffectedbythecashflowproblemsandinparticulartherewasaconsiderableslowdowninprogressofworkIHOLDasamatterofLAWthatonaproperconstructionoftheContract,Clause24.2（LossandExpensesCausedbyDisturbanceofRegularProgressoftheWorks）enablestheClaimanttomakeaclaimfordamagesorforabreachofContract.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,37,CONTRACTUALMATTERS,TheClaimantcontendsthattheextensionoftimeclauseshouldbeconstruedstrictlycontraproferentumagainsttheRespondent.IHOLDasamatterofLAWthattheArchitectisunderanobligationtograntanextensionoftimetotheClaimantifitknowsofdelayingevents,notwithstandingtheClaimantsfailuretogiveanoticeforthwithasrequiredbyClause23（ExtensionofTime）ofStandardFormofBuildingContract.IFINDasaFACTthattheArchitectwasorshouldhavebeenawareofthedelayingeffectsontheelevenmattersidentifiedbytheClaimantabove.IalsoFINDasaFACTthattheRespondentdelayedtheClaimantinitscompletionoftheWorksduetothenon-paymentandthelatepaymentofInterimPayment.ThereasonforthisfindingisdealtwithinmoredetailSectionintheconsiderationofthetimeatlargeissue.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,38,THECLAIMANTISALSOENTITLEDTOINTEREST,TheRespondenthasurgedmetoconsiderwhatinformationwasavailabletotheArchitectinexercisingmydiscretioninrelationtotheawardingofinterest.Ineedtoconsidertheperiodforwhichinterestshouldbepayable.Theclaimanthasincurredcoststhroughouttheprolongedperiod（注意比较与delay的说法不同）onsitebutonlyfairlyrecentlythatsufficientinformationhasbeenmadeavailableforthosecoststobeascertained.TakingallthesemattersintoconsiderationIbelievethatitwouldbereasonabletoawardinterestfromthedateofPracticalCompletionuptothedateofpublicationofthisaward.Thisisaperiodof610days.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,39,HEADOFFICEOVERHEADS,TheRespondenthassaidthattheClaimanthasfailedtodischargeitsburdenofproofinrespectofthisheadofclaim.TheRespondenthasalsosaidthatitisnecessarytheClaimanttodemonstratethattherewereotherworksavailableanditwaspreventedfromTenderingandobtainingthisworkduetoprolongationinrespectofthesework.Mr.FrankiLuigaveevidencethatHeadOfficeOverheadswereincurredduringtheprolongationperiodthattheClaimantwasonsite.Howevertheevidenceoftheannualturnoverdidnotarisefromaproperindependentaudit.IFINDasaFACTthatthereisnoreliableevidencetosupporttheClaimantscontentionthatithasincurredHeadOfficeOverheadsduringthisperiodofprolongationonsitealthoughasamatterofcommonsense,itmusthaveincurredsomelosses.Itisnotformetospeculatewhatthoselossesmightbe.,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,40,附BuildingContractforuseintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion23ExtensionofTime,UponitbecomingreasonablyapparentthattheprogressoftheWorksisdelayed,theMainContractorshallforthwithgivewrittennoticeofthecauseofthedelaytotheArchitect,andifintheopinionoftheArchitectthecompletionoftheWorksislikelytobeorhasbeendelayedbeyondtheDateforCompletionstatedintheAppendixtotheseConditionsorbeyondanyextendedtimepreviouslyfixedundereitherthisclauseorclause33(1)(c)（战争赔偿）oftheseConditions,(a)byforcemajeure,or(b)byreasonofinclementweatherorthesubsequenteffectsofsuchinclementweather;forthepurposeofthissub-clause“inclementweather”isdefinedasrainfallinexcessoftwentymillimetersinatwentyfourhourperiod(midnighttomidnight)asrecordedattheHongKongObservatoryorthehoistingofTyphoonSignalN.8orhigher,or,国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析,41,(c)byreasonoflossordamageoccasionedbyanyoneormoreoftheContingenciesreferredtoinclause20AorBoftheseConditions,or(d)byreasonofcivilcommotion，localcombinationofworkmen，strikeorlockoutaffectinganyofthetradesemployedupontheWorksoranyofthetradesengagedinthepreparation，manufactureOrtransportationofanyofthegoodsormaterialsrequiredfortheWorks，or(e)byreasonofArchitectsinstructionsissuedunderclauses1(2)，11(1)or21(2)oftheseConditions，or(f)byreasonoftheMainContractorNothavingreceivedinduetimenecessaryinstructions,drawings，detailsorlevelsfromtheArchitectforwhichhespecificallyappliedinwriti