语法专题 名词性从句.ppt

Grammar,NounClauses名词性从句,NounClauses,subjectiveclause主语从句,objectiveclause宾语从句,predicativeclause表语从句,appositiveclause同位语从句,主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句表语从句就是在连系动词后作表语的从句同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句,1.Whatitwastobecomewasamystery.2.IdontknowwhowillhelpHenrytowinthebet.3.HistroubleisthathedoesntknowanybodyinLondon.4.Thefactthatshipscangotheresurprisesmanypeople.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,一主语从句（1）引导词（3类）（2）whatthatwhether(if)的用法（3）it做形式主语（4）主谓一致问题,一、引导词从属连词：that，whether，if连接代词：who，whom，whose，whatwhich，whoever，whomever，whoseverwhatever，whichever连接副词：when，where，how，whywhenever，wherever，however,二、that，whether，if*that置于句首的主语从句，that不可省略1、that在主语从句中不作成分，只起连接从句的作用。Thatinsomecountrieswomenarestillnottreatedequallyisunfair.2、that主语从句的疑问形式和一般句子的疑问形式一样。Wasitdecidedthattheyshouldstarttheprojectthenextmonth？,*whether引导的主语从句可以置于句首，但是if不可以，只能放在句末。Whethertheworkcanbecompletedontimeisdoubtful.,三、it做形式主语基本结构1、Itis+名词+that从句Itisafact/ashame/apity/nowonder（难怪）/awonder（奇迹）/goodnewsthatItisnowonderthatyouhaveachievesomuchsuccess.2、It+不及物动词+that从句Ithappened/occurtosb./doesntmatter/seemthatIthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.,3、Itis+形容词+that从句wrong，certain，clear，right，obviouspossible,likelyItisnecessary/strange/important/essential/vital/naturalthat+S+（should）+do4、Itis+过去分词+that从句Itissuggested/ordered/requested/advised/insisted/requiredthatS+（should)+dosaid（据说），foundout（据查明），considered（据认为），workedout（据计算，制定出）,四、主谓一致谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是当主语从句中的谓语动词是复数时，主语从句应该当做复数看待。,Howheescapedstillamystery.Howandwhyhedidtheexperimentunknowntoall,WhatweneedtimeandwhattheyneedbooksWhatIammostinterestedinAmericanmovies.Whoaregoingtoattendthemeetingbeendecidedbythemanager,is,is,is,are,is,have,2.宾语从句（1）引导词（同主语从句）（2）宾语从句的类型(3类)（3）that的省略（4）whether和if的用法（5）否定转移（6）it做形式宾语（7）宾语从句的时态问题（8）宾语从句的语序（9）宾语从句中的虚拟语气,一、引导词从属连词：that，whether，if连接代词：who，whom，whose，whatwhich，whoever，whomever，whoseverwhatever，whichever连接副词：when，where，how，whywhenever，wherever，however,注：1、连接代词一般指疑问，但是what，whatever也可以指陈述。WhatIammostinterestediscollectingrarecoins.2、表示疑问的宾从需用陈述句语序，但是个别的宾从本应用陈述语气，但是由于习惯仍然保持疑问语序不变。Idonnotknowwhatisthematterwithhim.,1)Ithink(that)womencanreachveryhighachievementsinmanyfieldsofscience.2)Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedhowmanybabiesshehaddelivered.3)Doyouknowwho/whomJackwasspeakingto?,二、宾语从句的三种类型动词的宾语1、大多数V+宾从hope，tell，think，except2、“V+adv”结构+宾从findout（查出），pointout（指出），workout、turnout（结果是）Canyouworkouthowmuchwewillspendduringthisship？,3、动词短语makesure，keepinmind(牢记）WeshouldkeepinmindthatFuLeiisagoodboy.4、用形式宾语代替的宾从find/feel/think/consider/make/believeit+adj./n.+thathate/dislike/like/love/appreciate+itwhen/iftake认为/haveitthat(断言).takeitforgrantedthatseeto留意dependon/relyon/answerfor+it+thate.g:Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.,介词的宾从1一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类引导词引导宾从Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.2exceptthat除了，butthat要不是besidesthat除了形容词的宾从be+adj.+引导词Imnotsurewhethertheyllagreewithsuchaplan.ImsorrythatIcanttellyouthetruth.,注:有一种特殊类型的宾从,在这种句子中主语的谓语动词常是think，say，guess，suppose，suggest，believe，feel，consider等将引导词置(who,which,what)于句首,构成结构：疑问词+doyouthink/suppose/+句子（陈述句语序）WhatdoyousuggestweshouldprepareforThanksgivingDay?,三、不可以省略that的宾从1、主语谓语和宾从之间有插入语时WhenBettygottoEngland,shefound,how-ever,thatherEnglishwassolimitedthatshecouldnotgoonwithhercommonaffairs.2、当一个动词带有两个或者两个以上并列的宾从时，第一个that可以省略，第二个不可以Hesaidtheexhibitionwasgreatandthathewantedtovisititoncemore.,3、that后紧接作主语或者作定语的that/this时Hethoughtthatthatwouldbeagoodchanceforkim.4、当宾从中的状语或者状从置于从句句首时Hetoldusthatifwecouldallcometohelpoutthewholesituationwouldbelookingup.5、当宾从有it作形式宾语时Weallconsideritimportantthatchildrenshouldexerciseeveryday.,6、exceptthat7、在直接引语中，转述分句把宾从隔开时“Iamsorrytotellyou,”theboysaid,“thatYoumissedthelasttrainonceagain.8、当宾从较长时9、当宾从的主语是非谓语动词或者主从时However,manypeoplesimplycouldnotbelievethatwhathehadwrittenwastrue.,四、只能用whether不能用if的情况1.whether引导主语从句并在句首eg:whetherhecancometothepartyontimedependsonthetraffic2.引导表语从句eg:Thequestioniswhetherwecangetintouchwithher3.whether从句作介词宾语eg:IamthinkingaboutwhetherIshouldquitmypresentjob4.if与whether都可以与ornot连用，但后面紧跟ornot时只能用whethereg:WedidntknowwhetherornotshewasreadyIwonderwhether/ifthenewsistrueornot,5.引导同位语从句eg:Thequestioncameatthemeetingwhetherwehadenoughmoneyforourreasearch.6.用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。eg：Couldyoutellmewhetheryouknowtheanswer?7.在不定式前Iamjustwonderingwhethertostayforanotherhourorjuststartoffrightaway.8.动词discuss后e.gLetsdiscusswhetherMaryisfitfortheposition.,五、否定转移1.将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine,consider等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中eg:Idontbelievehewillcome.注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移eg:Ihopeyouwerentill.2.将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。eg:Itdoesntseemthattheyknowwheretogo.Itdoesntappearthatwellhaveasunnydaytomorrow.当主句的主语是第一人称时，其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致：eg:Idontsupposethatishisfault,isit?,六、宾从的时态问题1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或者将来时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。所以，要根据实际情况而定Shesays(that)sheworksfromMondaytoFriday.（从句是一般现在时）Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.（从句是一般将来时）Shesays(that)shehasneverbeentoChina（从句是现在完成时）IwillletyouknowwhetherIwillcomeornot.,2、当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候，其宾语从句的时态一般要用任一适当的过去时态Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.（从句是一般过去时：表示与主句谓语动作同时发生）Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthebaby.（从句是过去将来时：表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后）Hesaid(that)theywerehavingameetingatthattime.（从句是过去进行时：表示与主句谓语动作同时发生）,HetoldmethathehadtoldMaryaboutthemeetingalready.（从句是过去完成时：表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前）注：如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态Theteachertoldus(that)nothingisdifficultifweputourheartsintoit.老师告诉我们世上无难事,只怕有心人。,七、宾从语序陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”注：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构Canyoutellmewhomwehavetosee?！whatsthematter/wrong陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。Shesaid,“Iwillleaveamessageonthedesk.”Shesaidshewouldleaveamessageonthedesk.,八、虚拟语气1、wish后IwishIwereyou.Iwishyouwouldgetagoodjob.Iwishyouhadcomeyesterday.2、insist（坚持做某事）;order，command;suggest（建议），advise，recommend,propose;demand，require，request，ask+S+(should)+do,1.Heaskedme_withme.whatisthetroubleB.whatwrongwasC.whatwasthematterD.whattroubleitis2.Doyouknow_heexpectswillgiveusatalkA.whoB.whomC.thatD.whose,3.Heinsistedthathe_ingoodhealthand_toworkthere.was,besentB.is,issentC.be,wassentD.be,send4.-MayIborrowthering-Youcantake_youlike.nomatterwhatB.whichC.whicheverD.that,3.表语从句（1）引导词（3类）（2）whybecausethat引导表从的用法（3）系动词及一些常用句式（4）表语从句中的虚拟语气,一、引导词从属连词：that，whether连接代词：who，whom，whose，whatwhich，whoever，whomever，whoseverwhatever，whichever连接副词：when，where，how，whywhenever，wherever，however其他连接词：because，asif/though，as，like,二、基本句式结构1、be+表从2、seem,look,appear,sound,taste,feel，remain+表从三、注意事项1、主语为reason，表从连接词为thatThereasonwhyisthat2、主句的主语为advice,suggestion,order,request,requir-ement,proposal等名词，谓语动词用（should）+do,Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)have3、what=thethingthatwhen=thetimewhenwhere=theplacewhereThisiswhere(=theplacewhere)wefoundtheinterest.这就是我们发现的兴趣所在。4、why和because都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因。,Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhichofusshouldcomefirst.Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.,Mysuggestionisthatweall_(take)anactivepartinthecomingsportsmeeting.,Hisproposalwasthatthework_(finish)infivehours.,shouldbefinished,shouldtake,4.同位语从句（1）同位语的定义及同位语从句的含义（2）引导词（3）可接同位语从句的常用抽象名词（4）同位语从句与定语从句的区别,一、同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语同位语从句：在主从复合句中充当同位语，说明所修饰的同位名词内容的从句二、引导词从属连词：that，whether（不作成分）连接代词：who连接副词：when，where，how，why,三、可接同位语从句的常用抽象名词situationquestiontheorynewsabilityfeelingadvicefearbeliefdecisionevidenceexplanationfactfeelinghopeideaimpressioninformationknowledgemessageopinionorderprobabilitypromisereplyreportsayingstatementsuggestionthoughtwarning,四、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1、词类上：同位语从句前面的名词只能是有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句2、性质上：定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴Thenewsthathetoldmesurprisedme.Thenewsthathegaveinatlastsurprisedme,3、从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别：有些引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.我不知道他发生了什么事(同位语从句),1.名词性从句的语序(陈述句语序)；2.几对重要关联词的区别:whetherif,whatthat,whatwhatever,whowhoever,etc;3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语代替主语从句或宾语从句；4.根据具体情景选用适当的关联词。,高考考查热点,1)whetherif的区别Pleasetellmeyouwillgotothelecturestomorrow.Italldependsontheskywillclearup.Thequestionisthefilmiswellworthseeing.hewillbewelltomorrowImnotsure.Thequestionheshouldgiveituphasbeenworryinghimfordays.,whether,whether,Whether,whether,whether/if,缺,不缺,什么;所的东西、事情,无意义,否,宾语从句中能省略,2)Whatthat的区别,Ithinkitisunnecessaryformetospeaklouder.Hismotherissatisfiedwithhehasdone.hewasabletocomemadeushappy.Thisismakesusinterested.ThereasonwasTomhadneverseenthemillion-poundnotebefore.,that,what,That,what,that,3)whowhoever;whatwhatever的区别从语义上来讲,who只是单纯翻译为“谁”,而whoever则是“无论谁,不管是谁”.从语气上来说,who表示疑问,描述的是一个未知的人,而whoever则没有疑问的语气,强调的是一种排它性和绝对性,指任何人.当what与who做代词时，能引导名词性从句，而且在句中做主语或宾语成分。whatever与whoever做代词时，可引导名词性从句或（让步）状语从句。-ever结构有时等同nomatter+-的形式,ThespokenEnglishcompetitioniscoming,willattendthemeetinghasntbeendecidedyet.Ibelievetakespartinthecompetitionwilltryhisbest.Canyoutellmeyouwouldliketoorder?happens,dontbesurprised.Allthefoodhereisdelicious.Justorderyoulike.,who,whoever,what,Whatever,whatever,Ihavealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward,anditdoesntmatter_thatImtalkingto.(2004年广东省卷)A.whoisitB.whoitisC.itiswhoD.itiswhom,高考链接,B,2.Itisprettywellunderstood_controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandouttheatmospheretoday.(2003上海)A.thatB.whenC.whatD.how,【解析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分,故选C。,C,3._madetheschoolproudwas_morethan90ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.(2003上海春季)A.What;becauseB.What;thatC.That;whatD.That;because,【解析】what在此作连接代词,引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时,只起引导作用,不作任何成分。,B,4.Whenyouanswerquestionsinajobinterview,pleaserememberthegoldenrule:Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactly_hewants.(2002上海春季)A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that,【解析】这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语,Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactlywhathewants是一句谚语,意思是“永远给予他人他确实想要的东西”。故答案为A。,A,5.-Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterdaysgame?-Oh,thats_.(2003北京春季)A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited,【解析】这是由what引导的一个表语从句，在从句中充当主语,这句话的意思为:那是使我感到兴奋的事。故答